पारिजातको अध्ययन परम्परा (२०६७) स्नातकोत्तर शोधपत्र

 

kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhszf:q ;ª\sfo

g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu cGtu{t :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f]

jif{sf] b;f}“ kqsf] k|of]hgsf lglDt k|:t't

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

zf]wkq

 

 

 

 

 

zf]wfyL{

k'is//fh e§

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu

sLlt{k'/

sf7df8f}+

@)^&

zf]wlgb{]zs

>L s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]

-;xk|fWofks_

kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhszf:q ;ª\sfo

g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu cGtu{t :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f]

jif{sf] b;f}+ kqsf] k|of]hgsf lglDt k|:t't

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

zf]wkq

 

 

 

 

zf]wfyL{

k'is//fh e§

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu

sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+

@)^&

zf]wlgb{]zssf] l;kmfl/;

        lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhszf:q ;ª\sfo cGtu{t g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu :gftsf]Q/ tx, bf];|f] jif{sf 5fq k'is//fh e§n] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f zLif{ssf] zf]wkq d]/f lgb{]zgdf tof/ kfg'{ ePsf] xf] . pxfFsf] o; zf]wsfo{af6 d ;Gt'i6 5' / cfjZos d"Nofª\sgsf nflu g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lq=lj= ;dIf l;kmfl/; ub{5' .

 

 

ldlt M @)^&.!@.!#

 

============================

s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]

-;xk|fWofks_

g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu

lq=lj=, sLlt{k'/

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu

sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+

 

 

:jLs[lt–kq

 

       lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo cGtu{t g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf] b;f}+ kqsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|:t't kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f zLif{ssf] zf]wkq :jLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .

 

zf]wkq d"Nofª\sg ;ldlt

!=     k|f= /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL                              ===============================

-ljefuLo k|d'v_

@=     ;x k|f= s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]                       ===============================

-zf]wlgb]{zs_

#=     k|f1 lji0f' k|eft                               ================================

-afXo k/LIfs_

 

ldltM @)^&÷!@÷!^ ut]

s[t1tf 1fkg

k|:t't zf]wkq d}n] d]/f >4]o u'¿ >L s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]sf] af}l4s Pjd\ ;'ema'emk"0f{ lgb]{zdf tof/ kf/]sf] 5' . cfˆgf] sfo{Jo:ttfnfO{ k/ kG5fP/ cd"No ;/;Nnfx Pjd\ lbzflgb]{z u/L zf]w rogb]lv zf]wkq tof/ kfbf{;Dd ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] d]/f zf]wlgb]{zs ;xk|fWofks u'¿k|lt lr/C0fL /xFb} ;j{k|yd cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . k|:t't zf]wsfo{ ug{sf nflu ljefuLo :jLs[lt k|bfg u/L cg';Gwfgsf] 9f]sf vf]nL lbg' x'g] ljefuLo k|d'v cfb/0fLo u'? k|f= /fh]Gb| ;'j]bLHo"df xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' .

    :gftsf]Q/ tx cf}krfl/s cWoogsf] pRrtd tx dWo] Ps dflgG5 . of] tx kf/ ug'{ cfkm}df v';Lsf] s'/f xf] . k|:t't zf]wkq d}n] g]kfnL ljifosf] :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf] bzf}+ kqsf lgldQ tof/ kf/]sf] 5' . o; zf]wkq tof/ ug]{ qmddf ljleGg dxfg'efj Pjd\ ;+3–;+:yfaf6 af}l4s ;xof]u k|fKt u/]sf] 5' . o; cj;/df ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]uLx¿df s[t1tf 1fkg ug'{ cfफ्gf] st{Jo 7fGb5' .

zf]wsfo{ ubf{ cfjZos ;fdu|L pknAw u/fOlbg' x'g] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno s]Gb|Lo k':tsfno / g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fgsf] k':tsfnonfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . zf]w n]vgsf qmddf cfjZos ;"rgf k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg] sfo{df ;xof]u ug'{x'g]    u''?j/ 8f= tf/fsfGt kf08]o Pjd\ u'?j/ 8f= uf]ljGbk|;fb zdf{k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' .

d]/f] cWoog sfo{nfO{ oxfF;Dd k'¥ofpg] k"Ho dftf–lktfk|lt d ;w}F C0fL /xg] 5' . hLjgsf cK7\of/f lbgdf klg pT;fx lbO/xg] efO–alxgL x]d/fh e§ / x]dGtL e§nfO{ klg d ;lDem/x]sf] 5' . ;'v–b'Mvdf ;fy lbg] hLjg;fyL lgd{nfnfO{ klg d}n] ;Dem]s} 5' .

zf]wkq tof/ ubf{ eflifs ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u ug]{ ldq bLk;fu/ kGtnfO{ klg x[bob]lv cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . nfdf] nf]8;]l8ª eP tfklg ;dod} 6ª\s0f ul/lbg' x'g] …hLÚ sDKo'6/ ;]G6/, sLlt{k'/nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

cGTodf, d of] zf]wkq cfjZos d"Nofª\sgsf nflu g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lq=lj=, sLlt{k'/ ;dIf k|:t't ub{5' .

z}lIfs ;qM @)^$÷)^^

qmdfª\s M #)@

ldltM @)^&÷!@÷!) ut]

                                =============================

          -k'is//fh e§_  

                                   :gfQsf]Q/ bf];|f] jif{

                                  g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu

                          lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sLlt{k'/

ljifo;"rL

 

klxnf] kl/R5]b

zf]w kl/ro   

!=!    zf]wzLif{s

!=@    zf]w k|of]hg

!=#    zf]w kl/ro

!=$    ;d:ofsyg

!=%    zf]wsfo{sf] p2]Zo

!=^    k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff                                                        

!=&    zf]wsf] cf}lrTo / dxŒj                                                 

!=*    zf]wsf] ;Ldfª\sg                                                       

!=(    ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ljlw                                                    

!=!)   zf]wkqsf] ¿k/]vf                                                       

bf];|f] kl/R5]b

     kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos of]ubfg

@=! ljifo kl/ro

@=@ ;[hgfsf ljleGg cfofdx¿df kfl/hft

@=@=! pkGof; ljwfdf kfl/hft                     

@=@=@ syf ljwfdf kfl/hft                                                    

@=@=#  sljtf ljwfdf kfl/hft

@=@=$ lgaGw–ljwfdf kfl/hft

@=@=% cfTdsyf / ;+:d/0fsf/ kfl/hft

@=@=^ gf6s ljwfdf kfl/hft

@=@=* ;dfnf]rgf ljwfdf kfl/hft

@=# lgisif{

t];|f] kl/R5]b

                        kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j]{If0f                         

-cg';GwfgfTds zf]w s[ltx¿÷k':tsfsf/ s[ltx¿_

#=!    k[i7e"ld

#=@    kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] sfnqmlds ;j]{If0f

#=@=! cg';GwfgfTds s[ltx¿

#=@=!=! tf/fsfGt kf08]o

#=@=!=@ uf]kLGb| kf}8]n

#=@=!=# ejfgLk|;fb kf08]o

#=@=!=$ bLks uf}td

#=@=!=% 1fg' kf08]

#=@=!=^ afa'/fd zdf{ ‘x]dGt’

#=@=!=& cDa'ejfgL sfsL{

#=@=!=* e}/jk|;fb u]nfn

#=@=!=( kzfsfGt yfkf ‘>Lif’

#=@=!=!) /d]zrGb| /f]sf

#=@=!=!! z+s/ k/fh'nL

#=@=!=!@ d+unf yfkf

#=@=!=!# lbgdl0f cfrfo{

#=@=!=!$ rGb|dfg >]i7

#=@=!=!% dL7f/fd yfkf

#=@=!=!^ k|e'/fd cfrfo{

#=@=!=!&  xl/x/ rfkfufO{“

#=@=!=!* /fhg e§/fO{

#=@=!=!( lagf sfsL{

#=@=!=@) vu]Gb| hf]zL

#=@=!=@! k'iknfn cfrfo{

#=@=!=@@ nLnfw/ 1jfnL

#=@=@ k':tsx¿

#=@=@=! r"8fdl0f /]UdL

#=@=@=@ nlnhg /fjn

#=@=@=# 36/fh e§/fO{

#=@=@=$ lgg' rfkfufO{“

#=@=@=% hob]j e§/fO{

#=@=@=^ tf/fsfGt kf08]o

#=@=@=& /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL

#=@=@=* r}tGo

#=@=@=( kjg rfdlnª

#=@=@=!) O{Zj/ a/fn / cGo

#=@=@=!! Clif/fh a/fn / s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]

#=@=@=!@ dxfb]j cj:yL

#=@=@=!# s[i0f uf}td

#=@=@=!$ s[i0fxl/ a/fn / g]q P6d

#=@=@=!% /~h'>L k/fh'nL

#=@=@=!^ g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{

#=@=@=!& s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL

#=@=@=!* uª\ufk|;fb pk|]tL

#=@=@=!( s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL

#=@=@=@) s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg

#=@=@=@! uf]kLGb| kf}8]n

#=@=@=@@ lji0f' k|eft

#=@=@=@@ vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n

#=@=@=@# 8L=kL= clwsf/L

#=@=@=@$ nLnf n'O6]n

#=@=@=@% l8=cf/= kf]v/]n

#=@=@=@^ ;'s'd zdf{

#=@=# lgisif{

kl/R5]b rf/

                        kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j]{If0f                         

-kqklqsf÷:d[lt cª\s / :d[lt u|Gy_

$=!    k[i7e"ld

$=@   kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] sfnqmlds ;j]{If0f

$=@=! kqklqsfx¿

$=@=!=! uf]kLGb| kf}8]n

$=@=!=@ 3gZofd 9sfn

$=@=!=# OGb|s'df/ >]i7 ‘;l/t\’

$=@=!=$ v'dnfn kf}8]n

$=@=!=% hª\ua rf}xfg

$=@=!=^ gf/fo0fk|;fb clwsf/L

$=@=!=& vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nf

$=@=!=* v]d bfxfn

$=@=!=( /fdk|;fb 1jfnL

$=@=!=!) d~h'n

$=@=!=!! s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]

$=@=!=!@ adaxfb'/ yfkf ‘lhtfnL’

$=@=!=!# gogf k|wfg

$=@=!=!$ kjg cfnf]s

$=@=!=!% afnfs[i0f clwsf/L

$=@=!=!^ 1fg' kf08]

$=@=!=!& O{Zj/L clwsf/L

$=@=!=!* s]bf/ e§/fO{

$=@=!=!( w|'jrGb| uf}td

$=@=!=@) df]bgfy k|l>t

$=@=!=@! o'j/fh n'O6]n

$=@=!=@@ z}n]Gb| ;fsf/

$=@=!=@# ;'zLn ;fksf]6f

$=@=!=@$ Clif/fh a/fn

$=@=!=@% xl/uf]ljGb n'O6]n

$=@=@ kfl/hft :d[lt cª\s

$=@=@=! hgdt -kfl/hft :d[lt cª\s @)%)_

$=@=@=!=! sljtf

$=@=@=!=@ n]v÷lgaGw÷;+:d/0f

$=@=@=@ 1fgu'gsf s'/f -kfl/hft :d[lt cª\s_

$=@=# kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy

$=@=#=! d"Nofª\sg v08

$=@=#=@ ;+:d/0f v08

$=@=$ lgisif{

kf“rf}+ kl/R5]b

kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] d"Nofª\sg                      

%=!    k[i7e"ld

%=@    d"Nofª\sg

%=@=! pkGof; ljwfdf s]lGb|t cWoogsf] d"Nofª\sg

%=@=@ syf ljwfdf s]lGb|t cWoogsf] d"Nofª\sg

%=@=# sljtf ljwfdf s]lGb|t cWoogsf] d"Nofª\sg

%=@=$ cGo ljwfdf s]lGb|t cWoogsf] d"Nofª\sg

%=#    lgisif{

5}+6f}+ kl/R5]b

pk;+xf/ -d"Nofª\sgfTds lgisif{_

^=!    zf]wlgisif{

^=@    ;Defljt zf]wzLif{sx¿

kl/lzi6                                                     

kl/lzi6 ! kfl/hftsf k|sflzt k':tsx¿

        @ kfl/hft ;DaGwL ;dLIffTds n]vs ;"rL

        # kfl/hft :d[lt s]Gb|sf] lj1lKt

        $ kfl/hft :d[lt s]Gb|df :yflkt d"lt{sf] t:jL/

        % /d]z lIflthåf/f agfOPsf] kfl/hftsf] lrq

        ^ kfl/hftsf] x'nfs l6s6

 

cg';GwfgfTds ;Gbe{;"rL

klxnf] kl/R5]b

zf]w kl/ro

!=!   zf]w zLif{s

       k|:t't zf]wkqsf] zLif{s kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .

!=@   zf]w k|of]hg

       k|:t't zf]wkq lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;dfhzf:q ;ª\sfo, g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu cGtu{t :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf] b;f}F kqsf] k|of]hgsf lglDt /x]sf] 5 .

!=#   zf]w kl/ro

       g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf cfˆgf] ljlzi6 of]ubfg lbg] k|v/ ;|i6f kfl/hft -!(()–@)%)_ cfˆgf] ;donfO{ g]t[Tj ug{ ;kmn ;flxlTos k|ltef x'g\ . kfl/hftsf] hGdjif{ / ut]sf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg dtx¿ kfOG5g\ . of] ldlt pgsf lktfn] 5f]/L kfl/hftnfO{ g]kfnL uN;{ xfO:s'n bflh{lnªdf b'O{ sIffdf egf{ u/fpFbf n]vfPsf] cfwf/df pNn]v ul/Psf] xf] .[1] w/tL -@)!#_ klqsfdf k'm6s/ sljtf k|sflzt ePkl5 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljzfn kmfF6df k|j]z u/]sL kfl/hftsf] k|yd k':tsfsf/ s[lt cfsfª\Iff -@)!$_ sljtf;ª\u|x xf] . To;kl5 pgsf b'O{j6f sljtf;ª\u|xx¿ kfl/hftsf sljtf -@)$$_ / a}F;fn' jt{dfg -@)%)_ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . k|f/Dedf sljtf ljwfaf6 n]vg k|f/De u/]sL kfl/hft kl5 qmdz M cfVofg ljwfdf s]lGb|t ePsf] kfOG5 . /rgf -@)@!_ klqsfdf d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] zLif{ssf] syf k|sflzt b]lvG5 . o;kl5 syf ;ª\u|xsf ¿kdf pgsf cflbd b]z -@)@%_, ;8s / k|ltef -@)#@_, ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfFz' -@)$#_ / jwzfnf hfFbf cfpFbf -@)$(_ syfs[ltx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .

    kfl/hftsf] k|l;4L ;a}eGbf a9L pkGof;sf/sf] ¿kdf b]lvG5 . lz/Lifsf] k"mn -@)@@_ af6 pkGof; ljwfdf pgsf] ;fj{hlgs pkl:ylt ePsf] xf] eg] qmdzM dxQfxLg @)@%_, a}+;sf] dfG5] -@)@(_, tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ -@)##_, kvf{nleq / aflx/ -@)#$_, p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] -@)#%_, cGtd'{vL -@)#%_, clgbf] kxf8;Fu} -@)#(_, kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ -@)$^_ / af]gL -@)$*_ u/L hDdf !) cf]6f cf}kGofl;s s[ltx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . o;/L g} pgsf cfwL cfsfz -@)$*_ n]v tyf lgaGw;ª\u|x, w"kL ;Nnf / nfnLu'F/f;sf] k]mbdf -@)$#_, Pp6f lrqdo ;'?jft -@)$%_, cWoog / ;ª\3if{ -@)%)_ h:tf tLgj6f cfTd;+:d/0f, h'7L bldgL -@)%%_, afnuLltsfJo / kfl/hftsf gf6s -@)^%_ u/L hDdf @# j6f s[ltx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .

    kfl/hftsf] d[To'kl5 klg pgsf s[ltx¿ sltko k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . a}+;fn' jt{dfg  -sljtf;ª\u|x, @)%)_, cWoog / ;ª\3if{ -;+:d/0f, @)%)_, kfl/hftsf gf6s -gf6s, @)^%_, h'7L bldgL -afn uLltsfJo, @)%%_, d[To'kl5 k|sflzt ePsf s[ltx¿ x'g\ . kfl/hftsf & cf]6f uLtnfO{ uflosf ;';g df:s]n] :j/a4 u/L æ:j/ >4f~hnLÆ ;fª\uLlts PNad k|sflzt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;= @)%@ ;fn c;f/ @& df kfl/hftsf] kmf]6f] / kl/ro ;lxtsf] x'nfs l6s6 k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . o;df æo:tL ax'k|ltefzfnL JolStŒjsf] ;Ddfg :j¿k of] ;+:d/0ffTds x'nfs l6s6 k|rngdf NofOPsf] 5Æ[2] elgPsf] 5 .

       kfl/hftsf] gfddf kfl/hft :d[lt s]Gb| -@)%)_ sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To:t} lj=;+= @)%! ;fndf sf7df8f}+sf] Dx]kLdf ;flxTosf/ kfl/hftsf] k|ltdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] / ;f] k|ltefsf] /rgf d"lt{sf/ /fds[i0f e08f/Ln] u/]sf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf] :d[ltdf …kfl/hft ;ª\3if{zLn gf/L k'/:sf/Ú -@)%!_, …kfl/hft ;flxTo k'/:sf/Ú -@)%!_ / …kfl/hft snf k'/:sf/Ú -@)%(_ klg :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf] :d[ltdf 5fqj[lQ, 5fqfjf; :yfkgf cflb ljleGg sfo{x¿;d]t ePsf] kfOG5 .

sljtf ljwfaf6 k|f/De ePsf] n]vg qmdzM syf, pkGof;, lgaGw, gf6s / k'm6s/ ¿kdf ;dfnf]rgf x'Fb} cl3 a9]sf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf  gf6s / Psfª\sLx¿sf] ;ª\sng tyf ;Dkfbg ;j{k|yd s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]af6 ePkl5 pgsf gf6sx¿sf] klg rrf{ x'g yfn]sf]  kfOG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljzfn kmfF6df ljleGg ljwfsf s[ltx¿ /rgf u/L pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] kfl/hftsf af/]df ljleGg ljåfg\, ;dfnf]rs tyf cg';Gwftfaf6 zf]wvf]h tyf cWoog–cg';Gwfg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . kfl/hftsf s[ltTj / JolQmTjsf] l6Kk0fL / d"Nofª\sg ug{] klxnf] JolQm bfg vflnª x'g\ .[3] pgn] cfsf+Iff -@)!$_ sljtf;ª\u|xsf] k|sfzgsf qmddf b'O{ zAb zLif{sdf e"ldsf n]v]sf 5g\ .

       vflnªn] e"ldsf n]vgaf6 kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;'?jft u/] klg pgsf] ljifodf :jtGq ¿kdf cWoog ug{] JolQm xl//fh hf]zL x'g\ . pgn] kfl/hft M Ps kfl/ Ps hft g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kfl/hft zLif{sdf d's'6 -@M@, @)!@!, k[= $&–%)_ klqsfdf pgnfO{ ;flxTosf/sf] ¿kdf lrgfPsf 5g\ . o;/L lg/Gt/ ¿kdf x'Fb} cfPsf] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fdf b]vf k/]sf ;fdu|LnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] sfo{sf] ;'?jft s[i0fk|;fb clwsf/Lsf] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f -lj=;+= @)^^_ zLif{ssf] zf]wsfo{af6 ePsf] kfOG5 . To;df ;'?b]lv lj=;+= @)#) ;Dd ePsf kfl/hftsf s[ltsf] ;dLIff, l6Kk0fL / ;dfnf]rgfnfO{ sfnqmlds ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . oxL k[i7e"lddf /x]/ /fh]Gb| kf}8]nn] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f -lj=;+= @)#)–%) d[To'cl3_ zf]wsfo{ @)^^ df ;DkGg u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] s[ltdf ljBfjfl/lw;Ddsf pRr cg';Gwfgx¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ . k|:t't zf]wkqdf lj=;+= @)%) kl5 kfl/hftsf af/]df n]lvPsf k':tsfsf/ s[lt, zf]wkq tyf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt k'm6s/ n]v/rgfx¿df kfl/hftsf] cWoog / d"Nofª\sg s] s;/L ePsf] 5 < To;sf] P]ltxfl;s sfnqmdsf cfwf/df ;j{]If0f / d"Nofª\sg ug{] sfo{ o; zf]wkqdf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ljifoIf]q klg kfl/hftsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjdf ePsf cWoogsf] ;j]{If0ffTds d"Nofª\sg ug{' /x]sf] 5 .

!=$   ;d:ofsyg

       k|:t't zf]wkqsf] zf]wIf]q g]kfnL ;flxTo If]qdf kfl/hftsf] pkl:ylt;Fu} pgsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|Lsf] ljZn]if0f ug{' /x]sf] 5 . kfl/hft;DaGwL cWoog–cg';Gwfg JolQmut / ;+:yfut ¿kdf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . tL ;fdu|Lx¿ oqtq 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ Jojl:yt u/]/ kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f s;/L cufl8 a9]sf] 5 < eGg] ljifo d"n ;d:of /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf ;d:ofx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M–

s_     kfl/hft ;DaGwL k':tsfsf/ s[lt Pjd\ zf]wkqx¿df ul/Psf] cWoog s] s;/L      cufl8 a9]sf] 5 <

v_     kfl/hft ;DaGwL kqklqsfdf k'm6s/ ¿kdf ul/Psf] cWoog s]–s;/L cufl8 a9]sf]   5 <

u_  kfl/hft ;DaGwL k':tsfsf/ s[lt, zf]wkq, :d[lt u|Gy / kqklqsfdf k|:t't ;fdu|Lx¿df kfl/hftsf] d"Nofª\sg s] s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <

!=%   zf]wsfo{sf] p2]Zo

    k|:t't zf]wkqsf] p2]Zo ;d:of sygdf b]vfk/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{' /x]sf]    5 . To;}n] k|:t't zf]wkqsf p2]Zox¿nfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

s_     kfl/hft ;DaGwL k':tsfsf/ s[lt Pjd\ zf]wkqx¿df ul/Psf] cWoogsf] ;j{]If0f ug{' .

v_     kfl/hft ;DaGwL kqklqsfdf k'm6s/ ¿kdf ul/Psf] cWooogsf] ;j{]If0f ug{' .

u_   kfl/hft ;DaGwL k':tsfsf/ s[lt, zf]wkq, :d[lt u|Gy / kqklqsfdf ePsf cWoogsf] ;j]{If0ffTds d"Nofª\sg k|:t't ug{' .

!=^   k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff

     kfl/hftsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{] sfo{ JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut ¿kdf x'FbcfPsf] 5. bfg vflnªaf6 k|f/De ePsf] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f lj:t[t b]lvG5 . d[To'cl3 -lj=;+= @)%)_ ;Ddsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j{]If0f sfo{ o; k"j{ ;DkGg eO;s]sf]n] To;kl5sf ;fdu|Lx¿ o; zf]wsfo{df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o; zf]wsfo{sf] k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff ubf{ ljleGg kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt k'm6s/ ;fdu|Lx¿, :d[lt u|Gydf k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿, zf]wkqsf] ¿kdf cWoog ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ / k':tsfsf/ s[ltsf ¿kdf cWoog ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ P]ltxfl;s sfnqmdsf cfwf/df 5'§f5'§} k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 

s_    zf]wsfo{x¿

       kfl/hftsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ k'm6s/ ¿kdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug{] nfdf] k/Dk/fdf pgsf] Psd'i6 cWoog k/Dk/f eg] gogf k|wfgsf] kfl/hft M hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTj, ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq -sLl{t{k'/, g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)#*_ af6 k|f/De ePsf] 5 . o;kl5 pgsf ljleGg ljwfdf :gfQsf]Q/ / ljBfjfl/lwsf zf]wsfo{;d]t ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . oxfF k"j{sfo{sf] ¿kdf s]xL zf]wsfo{sf] ljj/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

       gogf k|wfg, kfl/hft M hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTj -@)#*_, cDa'ejfgL sfsL{, kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tf -@)%@_, e}/jk|;fb u]nfn, kfl/hftsf] s[ltTjsf] cWoog -@)%#_, kzfsfGt yfkf …>L;Ú, lzl/ifsf] k"mn pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog -@)%%_, lbgdl0f cfrfo{, clgbf] kxf8;Fu} pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog -@)%*_, xl/x/ rfkfufO{F, kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog -@)^)_, /fhg e§/fO{, kfl/hftsf pkGof;x¿df cleJoQm lj;ª\ultjfbL cl:tTjsf] lrGtg -@)^!_, vu]Gb| hf]zL, cGtd{'vL pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog -@)^!_ nufotsf lq=lj=cGtu{tsf cfª\lus SofDk;x¿af6 kfl/hftsf ljifodf k|z:t zf]wsfo{x¿ ;DkGg ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] ;fy} s[i0fk|;fb clwsf/Ln] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f, ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, @)^^ -sLlt{k'/, g]kfn s]Gb|Lo ljefu_ df kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j{]If0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fdf ePsf] of] k|yd zf]wsfo{ xf] . o;df clwsf/Ln] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;'?b]lv @)#) ;fn;Ddsf] ;j]{If0f u/]sf 5g\ . o;} k/Dk/fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} /fh]Gb| kf}8]nn] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f, ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, @)^^ -sLlt{k'/, g]]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu_ df kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f -lj=;+ @)#)–@)%), d[To[cl3_ ;Ddsf] ;j]{If0f u/]sf 5g\ .

oL zf]wkqx¿n] kfl/hftsf] Ps s[lt jf k|j[ltdf Wofg lbPsf 5g\ . cWoog k/Dk/fdf cfPsf] zf]wkqx¿ klg @)%) k"j{ dfq s]lGb|t /x]sf] x'gfn] oxfF To;kl5sf] cWoog k/Dk/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 .

v_    k':tsfsf/ s[ltx¿

       r'8fdl0f /]UdLsf] kfl/hft M kl/ro / d"Nofª\sg -@)%)_ zLif{ssf] k':ts kfl/hftsf ljifodf n]lvPsf] k|yd ;dli6 k':ts xf] . o;df kl/hftsf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbFb} pgsf clxn];Dd 5l/P/ /x]sf ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .

       df]xg b'jfnåf/f ;Dkflbt hgdt, kfl/hft :d[lt cª\s -@)%), k"= ^*–&!_, df kfl/hftsf] hLjgsf ljleGg 36gfsf ;fy} kfl/hft ;DaGwL ljleGg ;|i6f ;dfnf]rsx¿sf /rgfx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

       lgg' rfkfufO{F / vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfåf/f ;Dkflbt kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy -@)%!_ kfl/hftsf] d[To'kZrft\ k|yd jflif{sL ;df/f]xdf nf]sbz{g u/fOPsf] pNn]Vo s[lt xf] . o;df kfl/hftsf 36gfk"0f{ hLjgj[Q k|:t't ug{'sf ;fy} d"Nofª\sg v08df ljleGg ;|i6f ;dfnf]rsx¿sf n]vx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

       /fh]Gb| ;'j]bLsf] ;[hg ljwfsf kl/lwdf kfl/hft -@)%#_ gfds s[lt kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fdf b]vfk/]sf] ;ª\lIfKt / dxŒjk"0f{ k':tsfsf/ s[lt xf] . ;'j]bLn] o;df kfl/hftsf] ;ª\lIfKt hLjgj[t k|:t't ug{'sf ;fy} slj, pkGof;sf/ / syfsf/ kfl/hftsf] cEo'bo, ljsf;sf] rrf{ ub{} ljleGg sf]0faf6 s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{åf/f lnlvt kfl/hftsf] hLjgsyf -@)%&_ gfds s[lt kfl/hftsf] hLjgLnfO{ sfNklgs cfwf/df ;flxlTos ¿k k|bfg u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] s[lt xf] .

       s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnLåf/f lnlvt cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft -@)%*_ gfds s[lt kfl/hftsf pkGof; / syfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ ;dfnf]rgfTds s[lt  xf] . o;df kfl/hftsf] hGdldltaf/] b]lvPsf] cGof]nnfO{ cGTo ug{ bflh{lnª;Dd k'uL pgsf] hGd lj=;+= !(() ;fndf ePsf] tYo k|df0f ;lxt bfjL ug{' o;sf] 5'§} j}lzi7\o /x]sf] b]lvG5 . syf / pkGof;sf ljljw bz{g / To;sf sf]0f–k|ltsf]0fx¿sf] oy]i6 k|:t'lt o; k"j{sf s[ltdf e]l6Gg .

       8L=cf/= kf]v/]nsf] kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos d"Nofª\sg -@)^@_ gfds s[lt kfl/hftsf s[ltx¿sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfgsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{] p2]Zon] n]lvPsf] s[lt xf] . o;df pgn] kfl/hftsf s[ltx¿nfO{ dfS;{jfbL ;f}Gbo{zf:qsf cfwf/df JofVof / ljj]rgf u/]sf 5g . ;'s'd zdf{sf] kfl/hftsf sljtfsf] cWoog -@)^@_ gfds s[ltdf kfl/hftsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf] ;ª\lIfKt /]vfª\sg ug{'sf ;fy} tLg sljtf;ª\u|xdf ;ª\u[xLt sljtfsf] cWoog, ljZn]if0f ug{df s]lGb|t 5 . sljtf ljZn]if0f ubf{ sljtfdf k|o'Qm zAb / zAb cfj[lQ;d]t b]vfpg] sfo{ ug{'sf ;fy} kfl/hft ;DaGwL ePsf sfo{x¿sf] ;j{]If0f pgn] o;df u/]sf 5g\ .

       ejfgLk|;fb kf08]sf] kfl/hftsf pkGof;df ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfb -@)^$_ gfds k':ts ljBfjfl/lwsf] zf]wk|aGwsf] ¿kdf 5flkPsf] s[lt xf] . o;df kf08]n] kfl/hftsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqfnfO{ tLg r/0fdf ljefhg u/L pkGof;x¿sf] cWoog–ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] k|:t'lt oyfy{Jffbdf eGbf efjgfTds t/ntfdf s]lGb|t b]lvG5 .

    oL s[ltx¿df k|:t't kfl/hft ;DalGw wf/0ff JolQmx¿sf lghL x'g\ . ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;a} ljåfgsf wf/0ffnfO{ Psd'i6 ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOFb}g .

u_    kqklqsf

       o; zLif{s cGtu{t kfl/hftsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ k|sflzt ul/Psf ;dfnf]rgfTds n]v, 6Lsf–l6Kk0fL, ljZn]if0f, d"Nofª\sg, ;+:d/0ffTds n]v cflb k|sflzt ePsf kqklqsfx¿sf] ;"rL k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . log} ;fdu|Lx¿ zf]wsfo{sf ljZn]if0fLo ;fdu|L x'g\ . hgdt -@)%)_, 1fgu'gsf s'/f -@)%)_, b]zfGt/ -@)%)_, hgfb]z -@)%)_, k|sfz -@)%)_, b[li6 -@)%)_, hgd~r -@)%)_, uf]vfkq zlgjf/ -@)%)_, ;'?lr -@)%)_, sflGtk'/ -@)%)_, k'g{hfu/0f -@)%)_, o'u;Djfb -@)%)_, j]bgf -@)%@_, ;dsfnLg ;flxTo -@)%@_, k|of]u -@)%@_, au/ -@)%#_, ul/df -@)%$_, hDsf] -@)%%_, dw'ks{ -@)^@_, gjo'jf -@)^@_ cflb klqsfx¿df k|sflzt n]vx¿sf] ;"rL kl/lzi6–@ df ;k|df0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

oL n]vsf ljrf/ ;do;fk]If b]lvG5g\ tfklg pgsf] hLjg–bz{g / s[ltx¿ ;DaGwL ljjfbsf k|sf/nfO{ s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]sf] …kfl/hftsf w]/} s'/fx¿df ljjfb 5Ú -uf]/vfkq, @)^@, zlgjf/–v_ n] ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 .

       kfl/hftsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ul/Psf pko{'Qm k"j{sfo{x¿ kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fdf b]lvPsf dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ x'g\ . k|:t't zf]wdf log} ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ -@)%)–)^@_sf] ;Ldfª\sgleq /x]/ zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

!=&   zf]wsf] cf}lrTo / dxŒj

       kfl/hftsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ljleGg lsl;dsf cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ePsf 5g\ . tL ;fdu|Lx¿ htftt} 5l/Psf 5g\ . tL ;fdu|Lx¿ Plss[t u/L P]ltxfl;s sfnqmddf /fv]/ ;j]{If0f, ljZn]if0f Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg ug{] sfo{ o; zf]wdf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] kfl/hftsf] ljifodf ul/Psf cWoog;DaGwL hfgsf/L /fVg] cWo]tf, cg';Gwftf ;a}nfO{ of] sfo{n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ePsf] x'Fbf of] zf]wsfo{ cf}lrTok"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

!=*   zf]wsf] ;Ldfª\sg

       kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f -lj=;+= @)%) kl5, d[To'kl5_ zLif{ssf] zf]wkqdf kfl/hftsf] af/]df ul/Psf ;a} lsl;dsf cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;eGbf klxn] s[i0fk|;fb clwsf/Ln] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f, @)^^ zLif{sdf -lj=;= @)#) ;Ddsf]_ / /fh]Gb| kf}8]nn] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f, @)^^ zLif{sdf -lj=;=@)%), d[To"k"j{ ;Ddsf]_ zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fdf b]vfk/]sf ;a} ;fdu|LnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kn] cWoog ug{ -lj=;+= @)%)–@)^@_ sf] ;do ;Ldf o;df tf]lsPsf] 5 . o; zf]wsfo{df g]kfnL efiffdf n]vL k|sflzt ul/Psf tyf pknAw ;fdu|LnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

!=(   ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ljlw

       k|:t't zf]wkq tof/ ubf{ ;fdu|L ;ª\sngsf lgldQ k':tsfnLo cWoog k4ltsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . k':tsfnodf pknAw gx'g] ;fdu|Lsf nflu ;DalGwt JolQmx¿;Fu e]63f6 u/L ;"rgf lng] sfo{ klg ePsf] 5 . o;/L g} o; zf]wkqsf] ;}4flGts 9fFrf / zf]wljlw rfFxL P]ltxfl;s sfnqmdsf cfwf/df k|fKt tYosf] cfwf/df ;j{]If0f / d"Nofª\sg u/]/ lgisif{df k'Ug] sfd ul/Psf] 5 .

!=!) zf]wkqsf] ¿k/]vf

       k|:t't zf]wkqsf] :j¿k / ;+/rgfnfO{ Jojl:yt Pjd\ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ;+of]hg ug{sf] nflu ;du| zf]wkqnfO{ lgDg adf]lhd cWoog Pjd\ zLif{sdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M

klxnf] kl/R5]b M zf]w kl/ro

bf];|f] kl/R5]b M kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos of]ubfg

t];|f] kl/R5]b M kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j{]If0f -cg';GwfgfTds zf]w–s[ltx¿÷k':tsfsf/ s[ltx¿_

rf}+yf] kl/R5]b M kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j{]If0f -kqklqsf÷:d[ltu|Gy / :d[lt cª\s_

kfFrf}+ kl/R5]b M kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ljwfut÷ljj]rgfTds d"Nofª\sg .

5}+6f}+ kl/R5]b M pk;+xf/

kl/lzi6

     kl/lzi6 …PsÚ leq kfl/hftsf xfn;Dd k|sflzt s[ltnfO{ sfnqmdsf ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 eg] …b'O{Ú leq kfl/hftsf] d[To"kl5, @)^@ ;fn;Dd k|sflzt t]lQ; cf]6f n]vx¿sf] ljj/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L g} …ltgÚ df k|yd k|]; lj1lKt, …rf/Ú df s]Gb|df :yflkt d"lt{, …kfFrÚ df /d]z lIflthn] efg' klqsfsf nflu agfPsf] lrq, …5Ú df x'nfs l6s6 h:tf k|dfl0fs tYox¿ k|:t't u/L j:t'ut agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

;Gbe{u|Gy;"rL

       o;/L pko{'Qm d"n zLif{sdf s]lGb|t /x]/ cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg pkzLif{sx¿ lbFb} ltgLx¿sf]  ;+of]hg tyf kl/dfh{gåf/f ;Gbe{u|Gy;"rL k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

bf];|f] kl/R5]b

kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos of]ubfg

@=!   ljifo k|j]z

kfl/hft g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg lbg] gf/L ;flxTosf/ x'g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf cfVofg, sljtf, lgaGw / gf6s ljwfdf snd rnfpg] ;|i6f kfl/hft cfVofgsf/sf ¿kdf nf]slk|o Pjd\ ax'rlr{t 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] n]vsLo JolQmTjsf] lgdf{0f pgsf] cfˆg} hLjg;ª\3if{sf] kl/0ffd xf] . ;fdflhs cGtlq{mof Pjd\ cfˆg} hLjgb[li6nfO{ km/flsnf] w/ftndf pEofpg ;s]sf] v08df JolQmTj ljsf;sf] k|lqmofn] Jofks kl/j]z kfpg] u5{ . n]vgdf ;|i6fsf] hLjgsf] 5fk Psflt/ cfPsf] x'G5 eg] ;dsfnLg kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ /fhg}lts÷bfz{lgs lrGtgsf] k|efj klg To;df ;dflji6 x'G5 . kfl/hftsf ;flxlTos s[lt Pjd\ /rgfx¿df pgsf] hLjgsf] 5fk kfOg'sf ;fy} ;dfhaf]w klg 5 . pgsf s[ltdf lglxt ljrf/, snf / ;flxlTos b[li6r]tsf k|;Ëx¿ ljleGg lsl;dn] k|s6 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . kfl/hftsf] ;DaGwdf k|sflzt s[lt Pjd\ kqklqsfdf k|sflzt n]v/rgfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ pgsf] ;flxlTos kl/ro lbg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

@=@   ;[hgfsf ljleGg cfofdx¿df kfl/hft

       lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf w/tL klqsfdf /rgf k|sflzt ePkl5 kfl/hftsf] cf}krfl/s n]vg ofqf cf/De eof] . ;j{k|yd w/tL klqsfdf Joy{ k|of;, cfh labfsf] lbg xf] / sf] xf] Tof] < zLif{s sljtf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .[1] sljtf x'Fb} pgsf] n]vg cfVofgtk{m df]l8Psf] kfOG5 . cfVofgtk{m eg] /rgf -!M#, @)@!_ klqsfdf d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] zLif{ssf] syf ljwfsf] /rgf k|sflzt ePkl5 e'mlNsPsL x'g\ . kfl/hftn] ;a}eGbf a9L k|l;4L pkGof; ljwfaf6 k|fKt ul/g\ . lz/Lifsf] k"mn -@)@@_ pgsf] klxnf] pkGof; xf] . o; afx]s lgaGw, gf6s / ;dfnf]rgfdf klg pgsf] snd /fd|/L rn]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg lbg] k|ltef kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf ljleGg ljwfx¿sf] lrgf/L lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

@=@=! pkGof; ljwfdf kfl/hft

       kfl/hftn] ;a}eGbf a9L nf]slk|otf pkGof;af6 k|fKt ul/g\ . ækfl/hftn] @)@@ ;fndf lz/Lifsf] k"mn pkGof; n]lvg\ hf] cfh klg plQs} rrf{df 5 . sljtfdf ;zSt alg;s]sL kfl/hftn] d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] h:tf] ax'rlr{t / ;zSt syf n]vL cfVofgtk{m klxn] g} bl/nf] kfOnf rfln;s]sL lyOg\ eg] o; pkGof;k"j{ klg pgn] $ cf]6f pkGof;x¿ n]v]/ gi6 u/]sL lyOg\ .[2] ;ª\3if{ gfds pkGof;sf] 7]nL g} gi6 ul/Psf], j/kLkn, dfgj, cGtof{dL, zf/bf cflb pkGof;x¿ n]Vb} cfuf]df xf]Db}, cfuf] tfKb} u/]sf] pNn]v kfOG5 .[3]

       kfl/hftsf pkGof;df leGg–leGg vfn] j}rfl/s b[li6sf]0f kfOG5 . k|of]uzLn n]vg pgsf] csf{] ljz]iftf xf] . lz/Lifsf] k"mn cl:tTjsf] vf]hLdf lj;ª\ultaf]w ul/Psf] pkGof;           xf] . o;df hLjgsf] uj{af]wsf] z"Gotfdf cl:tTjsf] r]t 5 .[4] klxnf] / bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5 dfgj ;dfh lj;ª\ut aGg k'Uof] . o'4sf] ljlelifsf, eo, ;Gqf;, n'5fr'F8Ln] ubf{ lj;ª\ut OR5fx¿ hGdg k'u] / ltgn] ;flxTodf :yfg kfpg yfn] . x]u]n, ;fq{ / lgT;]h:tf k|ltefx¿n] ljZj ;flxTodf k|of]u u/]sf] of] lrGtg g]kfndf kfl/hft x'Fb} qmdzM ;b{} uof] .

       ælj;ª\ultjfbsf] hLjgd"NonfO{ lz/Lifsf] k"mn pkGof;n] tTsfnLg g]kfnL ;dfh / To; ;dfhsf] kl/l:yltdf hf]l8g cfPsf hl6ntfnfO{ k|s6 u/]sf] 5 . To; ;dosf] kl/j]z lj;ª\ultaf6 u|l;t 5 / To;} lj;ª\ultleq cfˆgf] cl:tTj vf]lh/x]5 eGg] s'/f lz/Lifsf] k"mn pkGof;n] k'li6 ub{5 .[5] cfˆgf] zf/Ll/s c:j:ytfsf sf/0f dfgl;s ¿kdf ;d]t ?U0f ag]sf] kfl/hftsf] hLjgsf oL lbgx¿ cToGt si6s/ aGg k'U5g\ . cfˆgf] cl:tTj Pjd\ klxrfgsf] ljGb' klxNofpg] qmddf pgn] …/fNkmfÚ nfO{ /f]Hg k'lug\ . /fNkmfdf cfa4 ePkl5 pgn] dxQfxLg pkGof; n]lvg\ . æd kfqsf] s]Gb|Lotfdf / lzof kfqsf] cfsif{0fdf lxF8]sf] of] pkGof; ljeT; of}g / lg/y{s hLjgofqfsf] k|efjxLg cfVofgsf ¿kdf ljZn]if0fLo 5 . To;}n] of] pkGof;df kfl/hftsf] dxflj;ª\ultaf]wsf] cleJolQm kfOG5 .[6] hLjgk|ltsf] lg/fzf, s'07f, xtfzf o; pkGof;df cfPsf] 5 . hLjg hlt;'s} si6s/ eP klg afFRg'k5{ eGg] ;f]r o;df cfPsf] 5 . hLjg / d[To'aLr clNemPsf] lg/; hLjg / dflg;sf c;kmntfsf] cgGt >[ª\vnfsf aLr 3'd]sf] of] pkGof;df sfd's k|j[lQsf] lrq0f kfOG5 . æb]zdf /x]sf s]xL lj;ª\ultx¿nfO{ ;fª\s]lts ¿kdf x]g{], Joª\Uo ug{] / s]xL dfqfdf ljb|f]xL nfUg] :j/ p/fNg]h:tf sfd klg ePsf 5g\ .[7] o;/L g} j}+;sf] dfG5] pkGof;df ljb|f]xL r]tgfsf] ;fy;fy} bfbfjfbL lrGtg klg cfPsf] 5 . æPSnf] jL/Æ aGg] k|j[lQsf] k|efj o; pkGof;df e]l6G5 . a}+;sf] dfG5] df hLjgnfO{ lj;ª\ut 7fg] tfklg lhhLljiffdf km:bfkm:b} hLjgk|ltsf] /xl/nf] cfsif{0f 5 . hLjgsf] jLeT; / e2f lrq0f o;df cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] j}rfl/s ;ª\qmd0f o; pkGof;df kfOG5 .[8] o; pkGof;df cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ª\ultjfbL r]tgfsf] ;fy} oyfy{jfbL lrGtg klg cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;+qmd0fsfnLg k|j[lQ o;df b]lvG5 . kfl/hftsf @)@( k"j{sf pkGof;x¿df cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ª\ult r]tgfsf ;fy} /fNkmfnL gj–c/fhstfjfbL lrGtg klg kfOG5 .

       lj=;+= @)@( kl5 g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt ljleGg 36gfx¿sf sf/0f pynk'ynk"0f{ /Xof] . o;} cjlwdf kfl/hftn] lbNnL uP/ b'O{ tLg kN6 zf/Ll/s pkrf/ u/]/ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ kfOg\ . g]kfndf lj=;+= @)@* ;fnsf] gofF lzIff, @)#! ;fndf pgn] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ;b:otf u|x0f ug{', ljBfyL{ ;+u7gx¿sf] ;lqmotf, emfkfnL pu|jfdkGyL cfGbf]ng, k~rfotsf] ufpFkms{ cleofg h:tf 36gfqmdn] pgdf Jofks k|efj kb}{ uof] . o;} cjlwdf pgsf] tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ pkGof; b]vf kb{5 . d"nt M ofqf j0f{g ul/Psf] eP tfklg ;dfhaf]w Pjd\ cfnf]rgfTds b[li6 o;df kfOG5 . ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL lrGtg gkfOP tfklg ju{r]tgf eg] o;df cfPsf] kfOG5 . ætTsfnLg kl/l:yltdf l6lkPsf oyfy{x¿ l;ª\\u} g]kfnL kof{j/0fsf ;To x'g\ . tTsfnLg /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf cf8df bnfnx¿n] cftª\s k}mnfP klg ;dfhdf pGglt / k|ultsf] cfFs8f pRr ePsf] s'/f k]; ug]{ ub{y] . ;dfhsf kLl8t / zf]lift ju{n] ljb|f]xfTds dfgl;stfsf pef/ Nofpg'kg{] ;Gb]z pkGof;n] 5/]sf] 5 .[9] o;kl5 k|sflzt tLg pkGof;x¿ p;n] /fh]sf] af6f], kvf{n leq / aflx/ / clgbf] kxf8;Fu} ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL pkGof;sf ¿kdf lrlgPsf kfOG5g\ . kfl/hftn] sDo'lgi6 ljrf/ /f]Hg' / p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf aLrdf ;dfgtf kfOG5 . cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] oxL af6f]af6} d'lSt ;Dej x'G5 eg] ;f]r kfl/hftdf b]lvG5 . kvf{nleq / aflx/df l;4fGtsf] JofVof kfOG5 eg] clgbf] kxf8;Fu}df To;sf] Jojxfl/s k|of]u kIf kfOG5 . æoL pkGof;df zf]liftkIfLo ;+3if{ 5 . o; ;+3if{sf] p2]Zo cyf{t\ d'lQm;+3if{ / To;n] lgdf{0f ug{] ;dfhsf] d"No oL pkGof;df cfPsf] 5 . pkGof;df o; lsl;dsf] ;ª\3if{ g]kfnL e"lddf, g]kfnL k[i7df / g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf pEofOPsf] 5 .Æ [10] kfl/hftsf oL pkGof;x¿df k|ultjfbL hLjgb[li6sf] Jofkstf kfOG5 .

       kfl/hftsf] cGtd'{vL pkGof; lj=;+= @)#% df k|sflzt kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf] ljsf;sf b[li6n] x]bf{ of] pkGof; tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ eGbf klxn] cfpg' kg{] b]lvP tfklg kvf{nleq / aflx/ / p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] kl5 k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .

       æof] j:t'tM lj;ª\ultaf]w ug{], s]xL lg/fzf, s]xL cl:tTjaf]w, s]xL s'07f, s]xL Joª\Uoljb|f]x / s]xL k|ultzLntf ldn]/ 5\of;ld; eO{ lvr|f]h:t} ag]sf] pkGof; xf] .Æ [11] of] pkGof; kfl/hftsf] cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ª\ultsf] r]tgfsf] cjz]if xf], o;df w]/} an 5}g .

       j}rfl/s ¿kdf km8\sf] dfg{] qmddf kfl/hftn] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL ljrf/nfO{ cFufn]sf] kfOG5 . rfnL;sf bzssf] dWolt/ pgdf ljrng b]lvG5 . To; cjlwdf pgL dfgj–clwsf/, gf/L xslxt, afnaflnsf Pjd\ s}bLx¿sf] kIfdf cfˆgf] ;lqmotf a9fpg k'lU5g\ . To; cjlwdf pgdf hfltjfbL r]tgf klg k|r'/ ¿kdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf b]vfk/]sf] k'm6, ljefhg clg kfgL af/faf/fsf] l:yltaf6 pgL b'Mlvt x'g k'lU5g\ . o;} cjlwdf pgsf af]gL / kfl/eflift cfFvfx¿ gfds pkGof; s[ltx¿ k|sflzt x'G5g\ . af]gL lszf]/ ;d:ofdf cfwfl/t pkGof; xf] . æljZjdf a9\b} uPsf] nfu"kbfy{ ;]jg / o;n] g]kfnL 3/kl/jf/df kfb{} uPsf] c;/sf] ;ª\s]tfTds k|:t'lt o; pkGof;df kfOG5 . snsnfpFbf] pd]/df gzfsf] dfbs, k|]d, k]m;g cflb ljs[ltaf6 ljd'Stfsf] rfxgf pkGof;sf] x]t' xf] .Æ [12] o; pkGof;n] ;'wf/jfbL b[li6sf]0f cl3 ;f/]sf] kfOG5 . ;flxTo ;fwgfsf] clGtdlt/ n]lvPsf] pkGof; kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ klg xf] . æo; pkGof;df kfl/hft Tolt rlr{t eOgg\ a? k|ultjfbL wf/df lzlyntf cfPsf] / cl:tTjjfbL sfndf n]lvPsf pkGof;x¿ h:tf] ePsf] cf/f]k ;xg' k/]sf] 5 .Æ [13]

       g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf kfl/hftsf] ljlzi6 Pjd\ df}lns klxrfg 5 . gjLg wf/f / k|j[ltnfO{ g]kfnL pkGofd;f leœofpg] pgsf pkGof;x¿df ljleGg ljrf/, b[li6sf]0fx¿ kfOG5g\ . cl:tTjjfb x'Fb} lj;ª\ultjfb, ;fdflhs oyfy{jfb, ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfb, clGtdlt/ ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL lrGtg pgsf pkGof;x¿df kfOG5 . ;dsfnLg /fhg}lts÷;fdflhs kl/j]z Pjd\ pgsf] JolSt hLjgsf] k|efj pgsf /rgfdf :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . leGg–leGg sfnv08df leGg–leGg ljrf/ k|:t'lt /x] tfklg sljtfTds efiff, cfsif{s z}nL, ljwfld>0f, 8fo/L z}nLh:tf k|of]uaf6 k|of]ux¿ klg pgsf pkGof;df kfOG5g\ . pkGof; ljwfaf6 Voflt k|fKt u/]sL kfl/hftsf] of]ubfg pNn]vgLo b]lvG5 .

@=@=@ syf ljwfdf kfl/hft

       kfl/hftn] ;jf{lws Voflt cfVofg ljwfdf k|fKt ul/g\ . cfVofg cGtu{t kg{] syf ljwfdf klg pgsf] snd /fd|/L rn]sf] Pjd\ rf/j6f s[ltx¿ k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . ækfl/hftsf] klxnf] syf d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] -@)@!_ xf] . of] /rgf klqsfsf] /]vf #, ljGb' !, c;f]h–sflt{sdf 5flkPsf] 5 .Æ [14] kfl/hftsf] k|yd k|sflzt syf;ª\u|x cflbd b]z xf] . o;df !@ j6f syfx¿ 5flkPsf 5g\ . bf];|f] syf ;ª\u|x ;8s / k|ltef xf] . o;df pgsf ;q cf]6f syfx¿ ;ª\u|lxt 5g\ .

       ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfFz' -@)$#_ kfl/hftsf] t];|f] syf;ª\u|x dflgG5 . o; s[ltdf !! j6f syfx¿ 5flkPsf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL r]tgfnfO{ k|ltljlDjt ug{ of];ª\u|xdf oyfy{sf] lrq0f /fd|/L ul/Psf] kfOG5 . æpgsf syfx¿df kfl/hftsf] lghfTdstf jf cfTdk/stf sd ePsf] 5 / kfq, 36gfjnL tyf ;du| syfgs j:t'k/s Pjd\ ;Dk|]if0fLo efiffdf cleJoSt x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . oL syfx¿df ylkPsf] csf{] gofF kIf xf]– ;Dk|]if0fLo;Fu cfPsf] ;+j]bgzLntf Pjd\ k|efjsfl/tf .Æ [15] ;dfhdf b]vfkg{] ljs[lt, lj;ª\ult, bdg, zf]if0f, cGofo, cTofrf/, k|zf;lgs Pjd\ /fhg}lts bdgnfO{ d"n sYosf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] of] pkGof;df >lds juL{o r]tgfsf ;fy} gf/L kfqk|ltsf] ;xfg'e"lt;d]t kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf] pTs[i6 hLjgjfbL syfs[ltsf] ¿kdf o;nfO{ dflgG5 .

       kl5Nnf r/0f cfPsf] kfl/hftsf] syfs[lt jwzfnf hfFbf cfpFbf xf] . ;ftj6f syf /rgf ;dflji6 o; s[ltdf ;dfh / hLjgnfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg] sfo{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . æbf];+|f] r/0fsf syfdf hLjg–oyfy{sf ;fk]Iftfdf dfG5] / / p;sf] cl:tTjnfO{ x]g{] tyf ;fFrf] dfgjLo cl:tTjsf] /Iffy{ ju{;ª\3if{sf] af6f]df cl3 a9\g' kg{] j}1flgs r]tgf d'vl/t ePsf]  5 .[16] o; r/0fsf syfx¿ dfG5]nfO{ ;Eo, kl/is[t / ;'Gb/ k|f0fLsf] ¿kdf dfg]sf] / ;fy{s hLjgsf lgldQ k|]l/t u/]sf] kfOG5 . jwzfnf hfFbf cfpFbfsf syfx¿ ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfF;' hlt zlStzfnL geP klg logn] cGofo, cTofrf/, zf]fif0f–bdgsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{zLn efjgf eg] kof{Kt af]s]sf 5g\ . gf/L kfqnfO{ k|d'v :yfg lbOPsf] pgsf syfx¿df ;'wf/d'vL ;Gb]z klg k|jfx ePsf] 5 .

       kfl/hftsf klxnf] r/0fsf syfx¿df cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ª\ultjfbL r]tgf k|an ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . /fNkmfsfnLg r]tgfsf] k|efj klg To;}df ldl;Psf] 5 . @)@* ;fnkl5sf lbgdf dfS;{jfbL hLjgb[li6 cFufn]sL kfl/hftn] cfˆgf /rgfdf To;nfO{ :yfg lbPsL 5g\ . j}olSts hLjgdf cfPsf ljleGg 3'DtLx¿ kf/ ub{} /fhgLlt, bz{g / ;fdflhs kof{j/0fsf ljljw kIfnfO{ pgn] cfˆgf /rgfdf :yfg lbOg\ . pgsf] sljtfTds z}nL nf]enfUbf] 5 . csyfTds / lgaGwsf u'0fx¿ klg pgsf syfdf kfOG5g\ . ljleGg sfnv08df k[ys ljrf/sf syfs[lt lbg' pgsf] n]vgsf] ljlzi6 kIf xf] . cfˆgf] df}lns z}nLlzNk Pjd\ gjr]tgf / ljrf/ k|jfxsf b[li6n] kfl/hft :d/0fLo l5g\ .

@=@=#  sljtf ljwfdf kfl/hft

       kfl/hftsf] ;flxTo n]vgsf] cf/De sljtf ljwfaf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . pgL lj=;+= @)!# ;fnsf] w/tL klqsfdf sljtf k|sflzt u/L ;flxTo ;[hgftk{m k|j[t ePsL 5g\ . pgsf] k|yd sljtfs[lt cfsf+Iff -@)!$_ xf] .Æ [17] :s'n] hLjgdf 5Gb 5}g eg]/ kmflnlbPkl5 sljtf n]Vg 5f8L5g\ . kl5 qmdzM r]tgf Pjd\ 1fgj[l4;Fu} pgn] n]vfONffO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] kfOG5 .

       kfl/hftsf] k|yd sljtf s[lt cfsf+Iff -@)!$_ xf] . of] pgsf] k|f/lDes s[lt xf] . Pp6L gjo'jtLsf dgdf hLjgsf cfzf, lg/fzfn] kf/]sf k|efj, k|]d, lj/x / kL8fsf 56k6Lx¿nfO{ pgn] ;Nnn kf]v]sL l5g\ . cfsf+Iff sljtf;ª\u|xsf sljtfsf] d"n ljifo of}jgsfnsf ;kgf / kL8fx¿ 5g\ .[18] pgsf sljtfdf :jR5GbtfjfbL k|j[lQ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] 5fksf ;fy} z"GojfbL lrGtg klg kfOG5 . cfˆgf] c;kmn k|]dsf] k|efjdf k/]/ n]lvPsf oL sljtfx¿n] k|]d lj/lx0fL gf/Lsf /fu–lj/funfO{ :j/ k|bfg ug{] sfd u/]sf] 5 . c;kmn k|]dsf 56\k6L, kL8f, s'07f clg c;kmntfsf] JofVofg g} pgsf] n]vgdf s]lGb|t b]lvG5 .

       lj=;+= @)$$ ;fndf kfl/hftsf] kfl/hftsf sljtf gfds s[lt k|sflzt x'G5 . lj=;+= @)!$ b]lv @)#! ;fn;De n]v]sf sljtfx¿ o;;ª\u|xdf kfOG5g\ . æo; ;ª\u|xleqsf sljtfx¿df g]kfnL ;dfh / g]kfnL dfgl;stfeGbf klg ljZjsf] s'l07t / ljt[i0ffu|:t hLjg, ljZjdf a9\b} uPsf cf0fljs e§Lsf cftª\sn] cf;Gg If0fdf NofPsf] ljlelifsfx¿ o;n] pb\3f6g u/]sf o; kl/:yltsf hLjg–ef]ufOsf lj;ª\ultx¿ dfgl;stf b'a{ntf / knfogx¿, d[To' / gZj/tfsf af]wx¿, dfgjLo ;+j]u / To;sf k|ltlqmofx¿, hLjgsf] lg:;f/tf / cfTdxTofsf cfj]ux¿ kfl/hftsf sljtfdf k|:t't ePsf 5g\ .[19] pgsf] of] s[ltdf klxn]eGbf gjLg k|j[lQx¿ b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . lj;ª\ut lrGtg af]s] tfklg ltgn] hLjgaf]w clg ;dfhaf]w klg u/]sf 5g\ . JolStut hLjgdf ef]u]sf] lg/; Pjd\ /f]uL hLjgsf] k|efj pgsf /rgfdf kfOG5 . k|]d, la5f]8, of}gs'07f, cl:tTjjfbL, ;f]r cflb ljrf/x¿ oL sljtfx¿df kfOG5g\ . tTsfnLg /fhg}lts Joj:yfn] lgDTofPsf] lg/fzf s'07fsf ;fy} ljb|f]xL efjgfsf] sdL, lj;ª\ultjfbL bz{gsf] cWoogn] ubf{ pgsf /rgfdf ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] ljrf/–lrGtg cfPsf] kfOG5 .

       kfl/hftsf] ;zSt sljtf;ª\u|x dWo] dflgg] æa}+;fn' jt{dfgÆ sf] k|sfzg lj=;+= @)%) df ePsf] kfOG5 . of] s[lt kfl/hftsf] d[To'kl5 k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . of] sljtf;ª\u|+xsf nflu kfl/hftnfO{ ;j{>]i7 kf08'lnlk k'/:sf/ klg lbOof] . æhLjgsf pHofnf kIfx¿ vf]Hg', hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s / ;f/do agfpg rfxg', lg/fzfsf] abnf hLjgjfbL b[li6sf]0f lng'h:tf leGg k|j[lQn] kfl/hftsf] o; s[ltsf] ljz]iftf hgfpF5 .Æ [20] kfl/hftn] dfS;{jfbL b[li6sf]0f cFufn]kl5sf sljtf /rgfx¿ o;;ª\u|xdf kfOG5g\ . zf]lift, kLl8t, >dhLjL g]kfnL hgtfsf] kIfdf n]lvPsf oL sljtfx¿df Gofok"0f{ ;dfh :yfkgfy{ d'6\7L s;]/ nfUg'kg{] ljrf/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . hLjgk|ltsf] cfzfjfbL :j/ o;;ª\u|xsf] pNn]Vo kIf xf] . ækfl/hftsf] a}F;fn' jt{dfg sljtf;ª\u|xdf ;d"xsf] dd{ / ju{dd{sf] k|:t'lt kfOG5 . kl/>d u/]/ afFRg] ju{n] v]k]sf] b'Mv g} pgs]f d"n lrGtg ag]sf] 5 . oxL ju{nfO{ ;r]t kf/]/ d'lSt cfGbf]ngdf k|lta4 agfpg pgsf] sljtfTds ;fwgf b]lvG5 .Æ[21] pgsf] o;;ª\u|xdf Psflt/ dlxnf d'lSt, afn>dk|ltsf] cfjfh / hftLotfsf :j/ ;'lgPsf] 5 eg] csf{]lt/ ju{af]wsf ;fy} d'lStsfdL r]tgf emg\ k|v/ eP/ cfPsf] kfOG5 .

       sljtf n]vgsf] ;'?jftsf a]nf k|]d, la5f]8h:tf :jR5GbtfjfbL k|j[lQ b]lvP klg kl5Nnf lbgdf cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ª\ultjfbL x'Fb} k|ultjfbL b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ePsf] kfOG5 . pgsf] n]vgdf JolStut hLjgsf psfnL–cf/f]nLsf ;fy} ;fdflhs Pjd\ /fhg}lts bfz{lgs d"Nox¿sf] k|efj klg 68\sf/f] ¿kdf cfPsf] kfOG5 .

@=@=$ lgaGw–ljwfdf kfl/hft

       ;flxTodf kfl/hftsf] lgaGw n]vg klg ;zSt dflgG5 . lj=;+= @)$* df pgsf j}rfl/s ;Fufnf]sf ¿kdf cfwL cfsfz gfds s[lt k|sflzt 5 . ljleGg kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf / k'm6s/ ¿kdf 5l/Psf n]v ;ª\sng u/L o; s[ltdf /flvPsf] kfOG5 . of] s[lt lrtjg k|sfzg k|f=ln=n] k|sfzg u/]sf] xf] .[22] o; ;ª\u|xdf kfl/hftsf gf/Ld'lSt, juL{o d'lStsf ;fy} dlxnf lj?4 x'g] zf]if0f / To;af6 kf/ kfpg nfUg' kg{] ;Gb]zk/s lrGtg k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

       cfwL cfsfz zf]if0f, cGofo, cTofrf/ tyf bdgaf6 d'lSt kfpg j}rfl/s hfu/0fsf] p2]Zo /fv]/ n]lvPsf] s[lt xf] . o;df gf/Ls]Gb|L lrGtg ;zSt ¿kdf k|:t't 5 .[23] gf/L cl:tTjsf] vf]h, gf/L clwsf/, gf/L d'lStsf rfxgf of] s[ltdf cfPsf] kfOG5 . cfˆgf] clwsf/ lng gf/Lx¿ ;r]t eP/ cufl8 cfpg' kg{] lrGtg pgsf lgaGwdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o; s[ltdf pgL ;zSt gf/LjfbL n]lvsfsf] ¿kdf b]lvPsL 5g\ .

@=@=% cfTdsyf / ;+:d/0fsf/ kfl/hft

       kfl/hftn] cfTdsyf / ;++:d/0fsf s[ltx¿ k|sflzt u/fPsL 5g\ . pgsf cfTdsyfsf s[ltx¿df w'kL, ;Nnf / nfnLu'/fF;sf] k]mbdf -@)$#_, cWoog / ;+3if{-@)%)_, Pp6f lrqdo ;'?jft -@)$%_ /x]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf] ljut hLjgsf ljleGg 36gfx¿nfO{ kfl/hftn] oL s[ltx¿df cleJoSt u/]sL 5g\ . hLjgsf tLtf–dL7f 36gfnfO{ lg;ª\sf]r pgn] cleJoSt u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       æbflh{lnªsf] lrofaf/Ldf cFWof/f] jt{dfg / clglZrt eljio af]s]/ afFlr/x]sf nfvf}F >lds kl/jf/aLr hlGdPsL Pp6L PsfGtk|]dL, cGtd{'vL / efj's lszf]/L k'/fgf] o'usf] eUgfjz]ifnfO{ Wj:t kf/]/ gofF o'usf] åf/ lgdf{0f ug{] ;r]t hgk|]dL, :ki6, lg8/ / k|a'4 sdL{df k]ml/Psf] syf g} xf] pgsf] of] ;+:d/0f.[24] w'kL, ;Nnf / nfnLu'/fF;sf] k]mbdf kfl/hftsf] klxnf] cfTd;+:d0f xf] . o;df pgn] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] cf/De b]lv @)!! ;fn;Ddsf 36gf pNn]v u/]sL 5g\ . t];|f] ;ª\u|x cWoog / ;+3if{ xf] . o;df sf7df8f}+ cfP/ 8]/fdf a;]b]lv hLjgdf ef]u]sf ;+3if{, kL8f, cWofkg, k|]d, ladf/L, ;'s'Gofsf] ljjfx / lktfsf] d[To'h:tf 36gfx¿ k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . To;/L g} Pp6f lrqdo ;'?jft bf];|f];ª\u|x xf] . o;df cfˆgf] ;flxTo–ofqf, cfˆgf lrGtgsf ;fy} cfk"m;Fu ;DalGwt dflg;x¿;Fu ;DalGwt 36gf k|;+ux¿ k|:t't u/]sL 5g\ . pgsf] ;+:d/0fx¿ qmda4 geP tfklg efj's dgsf] cleJolQm eg] kfOG5 . æju{åGå / dfgjLo b[is[lt, zf]if0f / k"FhLjfbL ;+:s[lt g]kfnL ;dfhdf dfq xf]Og, ljZjd} 5l/P/ a;]sf dfgjhfltdf kfOG5 5g\ eGg] s'/f kfl/hftsf :d[ltdf vf]lkPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f sltko ;Gbe{df kfl/hftsf cfTd;+:d/0fx¿ bz{gsf] clesyg alg/x]sf] b]lvG5g\ .

@=@=^ gf6s ljwfdf kfl/hft

          kfl/hftsf] klxrfg gf6s ljwfdf klg /x]sf] 5 . ¿k/]vfdf k|sflzt kfl/hftsf] k|yd Psfª\sL Ps sl7g lgisif{ -@)@#_ sf ;fy} cFWof/f] gbL -@)@&_, cfˆgf] /ft -@)@*_, h:tf Psfª\sLsf ;fy} Pshf]8L cGt/fn -@)%^_ k"0ff{ª\sL gf6sx¿nfO{ ;+sng u/L kfl/hftsf gf6s -@)^%_ gfds s[lt ;j{k|yd s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]sf] ;Dkfbgdf k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .

       kfl/hftn] aL;f}F+ ztfAbLdf gf6ssf/ ;fq{, sfd', o'lhg cf] lgn tyf a]Vt cflbsf gf6\orl/qdf kfOg] u'0f cfˆgf Psfª\sLsf nf]Ug] dfG5] / :jf:gLdfG5] ag]sf rl/qx¿df klg clª\st u/]sL 5g\ . lj;ª\ultjfbL rl/qx¿df dflg;sf] ldqtf / Psfª\sLkgnfO{ k|>o  lbOG5 . cfGtl/s åGånfO{ s]Gb|Lo j:t' agfOG5 . cfˆgf] /ft / cFWof/f] gbL Psfª\sLsf kfqx¿df pSt k|j[lQnfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .Æ [25] kfl/hftn] cfˆgf] hLjgdf ef]Ug' k/]sf] /f]uJofwL / tTsfnLg ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, kl/l:yltn] pTkGg u/]sf] lg/fzf, s'07f, xtfzf, knfogsf lrGtgx¿ oL PsfÍLx¿df cfPsf] kfOG5 . ækfl/hftn] Ps sl7g lgisif{ Psfª\sLdf k|]dnfO{ ljifo agfP/ k/kL8g / cfTdkL8g b'j} k|j[lQx¿sf] pNn]v u/]sL 5g\ . o;df cl:tTjjfbL k|j[lQ klg cf+lzs ¿kdf b]lvG5 .[26]

       kfl/hftsf] Pshf]8L cGt/fn -@)%^_ k"0ff{ª\sL gf6s ljdn ef}sfhLsL ;Dkfbgdf lg:sg] 3'oFqf] å}dfl;s -jif{ @, c+s !, k"0ff{Í #, j}zfv–h]7, @)%^_ dfq tLg b[Zo;Dd k|sflzt 5 eg] afFsL efu ;f]xL klqsfsf] jif{ @, k"0ff{Í &, k';–df3df 5flkPsf] 5 .[27]

       kfl/hftsf gf6sx¿df ptf/–r9fj kfOG5 . pgsf PsfÍLdf Pp6f vfn] ljrf/ 5 eg] gf6sdf cs}{ vfn] ljrf/ cfPsf] kfOG5 . æPsfª\sLdf kfl/hftsf] r]tgfn] ljZje|d0f u/L cl:tTj / lj;ª\ultjfbnfO{ k5\ofPsf] 5 . ToxfF kfl/hftsf s'07f, dfgl;s cfj]u / k|mfo8jfbL lrGtgn] k|>o kfPsf] 5 .[28] kfl/hftsf] Ps hf]8L cGt/fndf k|ultjfbL lrGtgn] 7fpF kfPsf] 5 . kfl/hftsf] k"jf{w{ r/0f snf snfsf] nflu eGg] dfGotfdf cfa4 5 eg] pQ/fw{ r/0f …snf hLjgsf nfluÚ eGg] pRrtd\ dfGotfn] kl/j]li7t kfOG5 .Æ [29]

       gf/Lsf] cl:tTj / cl:dtfnfO{ pRrju{n] :jLsf/ gu/]sf] b]vfpg', k|ultjfbL d"No / dfGotfnfO{ cjnDag u/L pTs[i6 gf6s n]Vg', kfqx¿ ;+3if{zLn b]vfpg', cª\snfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{', bfz{lgs ljrf/nfO{ snfTds cleJolQm lbg' kfl/hftsf gf6ssf] k|d'v k|j[lQ dflgG5 .Æ [30]

@=@=* ;dfnf]rgf ljwfdf kfl/hft

       kfl/hftsf /rgfx¿df ljwfut ljljwtf kfOG5 . pgsf sltko /rgfdf ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]r÷lrGtg :ki6 b]lvG5 . e"ldsf, cGtjf{tf{, n]v, lgaGw n]vgdf pgn] ;dfnf]rsL0f u'0f b]vfPsL 5g\ . ljleGg s[ltx¿sf af/]df u/]sf l6Kk0fL, ;flxTo ;DaGwdf n]lvPsf n]v Pjd\ cGtjf{tf{x¿df pgsf] ;dfnf]rs JolStTjsf] 5fk b]lvG5 .

       æaf]nfpF eg] ltdLnfO{ aft nfUg] 8/Æ, æs]xL pkGof; / s]xL oyfy{x¿af6Æ, æ/fli6«o 6«kmLÆ, æz'esfdgf ;+3if{sf/L dlxnfx¿nfO{Æ gfdsf /rgfx¿df kfl/hftsf] ;dfnf]rgfTds r]t :ki6 5 . To;/L g} pgsf ljleGg cGtjf{tf{x¿df klg ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg kfOG5 æyfxf gkfOsg klg ;flxTodf /fhgLlt n]V5f}F .Æ[31] ælj;+ult hLjgsf] clGtd kl/0flt gePsf] x'Fbf / qmdzM hLjgsf] cy{ vf]Hgkl§ nfu]F .Æ[32] ælz/Lifsf] k"mn pkGof;nfO{ hglj/f]wL pkGof; eg]/ 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sL 5' .Æ[33] ælji0f's'df/L jfOaf s;/L kfl/hft algg\ <Æ[34] nufotsf cGtjf{tf{x¿df pgsf ;dfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0fLx¿ kfOG5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf ljleGg /rgfdf ;dfnf]rgfTds r]t kfOP tfklg kfl/hftn] ;dfnf]rgf eg]/ 5'§} /rgf k|sflzt u/fPsf] kfOFb}g . pgsf] n]vsLo JolQmTjdf ;|i6f JolStTj zlStzfnL 5 .

@=#   lgisif{     

---

[1]    ;'s'd zdf{, kfl/hftsf sljtfsf] cWoog, -sf7df8f}+ M ;gnfO6 klAns];g, @)^@_, k[= @# .

[2]    s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft, -sf7df8f}+ M xh'/sf] k|sfzg, @)%*_, k[= !) .      

[3] 8L=cf/= kf]v/]n, kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos d"Nofª\sg, -sf7df8f}+ M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];g, @)^@_, k[= #* .

[4]   ;'s'd zdf{, k"j{jt\, k[= @* .

[5]    /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL pkGof; M k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ, bf]=;+=, -sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg, @)^$_, k[= #)( .

[6]    s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, k"j{jt\, k[= #@ .

[7]    P]hg, k[= #% .

[8]   ;'s'd zdf{, k"j{jt\, k[= @* .

[9]    /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, ;[hg ljwfsf kl/lwdf kfl/hft, -jf/f0f;L M e"ldsf k|sfzg, @)%#_, k[= %# .

[10]   ;'s'd zdf{, k"j{jt\, k[= @* .

[11]   s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, k"j{jt\, k[= *& .

[12]   ;s'd' zdf{, k"j{jt\, k[= @)# .

[13]   l8=cf/= kf]v/]n, k"j{jt\, k[= *$ .

[14] s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, k"j{jt\, k[= & .

[15]   tf/fsfGt kf08]o, snf;flxTo M e"ldsf / d"Nofª\sg, -sf7df8f}+ M lrGtg k|sfzg, @(%#_, k[= !!* .

[16]   P]hg, k[= !@( .

[17]   ;'s'd zdf{, k"j{jt\, k[= $& .

[18] s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, k"j{jt\, k[= !# .

[19]   /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, k"j{jt\, k[= !! .

[20] s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/], /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, k"j{jt\, k[= !# .

[21]   ;'s'd zdf{, k"j{jt\, k[= !&) .

[22] ;'s'd zdf{, k"j{jt\,  k[= !*( .

[23]   P]hg, k[= !*( .

[24] kjg rfdlnª, e"ldsf, kfl/hftsf ;ª\slnt /rgfx¿ efu–$, -l;lSsd M lgdf{0f k|sfzg, @)%$_, k[= ^ .

[25] s[i0fk|;fb l3l/d], kfl/hftsf gf6ssf] ;dLIff, -sf7df8f}+ M lIflth k|sfzg, @)^$_, k[= #! .

[26]   P]hg, k[= #@ .

[27] P]hg, k[= ## .

[28] P]hg, k[= ## .

[29] P]hg, k[= $! .

[30]   P]hg, k[= $) .

[31]   ?b|k|;fb v/]n, æyfxf gkfO{sg klg /fhgLlt n]V5f}+ <Æ, -cGtjf{tf _,kfl/hftsf ;ª\slnt /rgfx¿, u|Gy–^, ;Dkf= kjg rfdlnª,

   -l;lSsd, lgdf{0f k|sfzg, gfDrL, @)%$_, k[= @#) .

[32]   >Leb| Gof}kfg], ælj;+ut hLjgsf] clGtd kl/0flt gePsf] x'Fbf d qmdzM hLjgsf] cy{ vf]Hgkl§ nfu]F Æ, -cGtjf{tf _,kfl/hftsf             ;ª\slnt /rgfx¿, u|Gy–^, ;Dkf= kjg rfdlnª, -l;lSsd, lgdf{0f k|sfzg, gfDrL, @)%$_, k[= @#^ .

[33] dl0fk|;fb /fO{, ælz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;nfO{ hglj/f]wL pkGof; eg]/ 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sL 5' <Æ, -s'/fsfgL _,kfl/hftsf ;ª\slnt         /rgfx¿, u|Gy–^, ;Dkf= kjg rfdlnª, -l;lSsd, lgdf{0f k|sfzg, gfDrL, @)%$_, k[= #)%.

#& /fh]Gb|k|;fb clwsf/L, ælji0f's'df/L jfOaf s;/L kfl/hft algg <Æ, -cGtjf{tf{ _,kfl/hftsf ;ª\slnt /rgfx¿, u|Gy–^, ;Dkf= kjg

   rfdlnª, -l;lSsd, lgdf{0f k|sfzg, gfDrL, @)%$_, k[= @&( . 

    g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf kfl/hftsf] ljlzi6 of]ubfg 5 . ljleGg ljwfsf dfWodaf6 pgn] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ xl/nf]–el/nf] agfpg] sfo{ ul/g\ . cfˆgf /rgfdf ljleGg jfb jf l;4fGt k|:t't ug{] kfl/hftsf] n]vgn] pRrtf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . pgn] ljleGg ljwfdf lbPsf] of]ubfg, cGtjf{tf{, l6Kk0fL, ;flxlTos lrGtg cflb pgsf] n]vgsf] lrgf/Lsf ;Gbe{df pNn]v ug{' kg]{ ljifo x'g\ . ljleGg ljwfsf /rgfx¿sf] of]uaf6 g} kfl/hftsf] ;du| n]vsLo JolStTjsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . kfl/hfth:tf] ;|i6f Ps} lbgdf tof/ xF'b}g . jiff{}+sf] Tofu, ;fwgf, ;dk{0fsf] andf g} pgL h:tf] JolStTj lgdf{0f x'G5 . o:t} vfn] ;Gbe{df pleP/ pgsf] klxrfgsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

t];|f] kl/R5]b

kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j]{If0f

-cg';GwfgfTds zf]w s[ltx¿÷k':tsfsf/ s[ltx¿_

#=!   k[i7e"ld

       cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf ljlzi6 k|ltef dflgg] kfl/hftn] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg clj:d/0fLo 5 . kfl/hftsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg cWo]tf tyf ;dfnf]rsx¿af6 cWoog–cg';Gwfg x'g] qmd lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf pgsf] hLjg / n]vgsf ljleGg kIfx¿df cfwfl/t eP/ cWoog ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] ;'?jft bflgon vflnªaf6 ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L lg/Gt/ ¿kdf x'Fb} cfPsf] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fdf b]vf k/]sf ;fdu|LnfO{ Jojl:yt 9ª\un] k|:t't ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'?jft s[i0fk|;fb clwsf/Lsf] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f -@)^^_ zLif{ssf] zf]wsfo{af6 ePsf] 5 . To;df k|f/Deb]lv lj=;+= @)#) ;Dd ePsf kfl/hftsf s[ltsf ;dLIff, l6Kk0fL, ;+:d/0f / ;dfnf]rgfnfO{ sfnqmlds ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;} k/Dk/fnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] qmddf /fh]Gb| kf}8]nn] kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f -@)^^_ zLif{ssf] zf]w ;DkGg u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgn] lj=;+= @)#) b]lv @)%) ;Dd kfl/hft;Fu ;DalGwt kqklqsf, k':ts, zf]wkqdf k|sflzt ;dLIff, ;dfnf]rgf, l6Kk0fL, ;+:d/0fx¿nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . clwstd ¿kdf ;fdu|L k|:t't ug]{ k|oTg ul/P tfklg 8L=lk= clwsf/Lsf] g]kfnL pkGof; / hghLjg -@)#@_ df k|sflzt g]kfnL ;flxTo / cfnf]rgf zLif{ssf] n]vsf] af/]df / pQdk|;fb kGtsf] kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tfM Ps ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg -ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, lqrGb| ax'd'vL SofDk;, @)$#_ sf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5}g . oxL k[i7e"lddf kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] p2]Zon] o; zf]wkqdf kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f -lj=;+= @)%), d[To'kl5– @)^@_Ú sf] ;j]{If0ffTds d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf] 5 . o; cWofodf kfl/hft;DaGwL cg';GwfgfTds s[ltx¿ / k':tsx¿df k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] 5 .

#=@   kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] sfnqmlds ;j]{If0f

       k|:t't kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f zLif{ssf] ;j]{If0fdf cWoog k/Dk/fdf b]vf k/]sf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] sfnqmlds ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] 5 . zf]wnfO{ 7f];, j:t'k/s / tYo;ª\ut agfpg kfl/hftsf ;DaGwdf ePsf ljBfjfl/lw Pjd\ :gfQsf]Q/ txsf zf]wsfo{x¿ / k':tsfsf/ s[ltx¿sf] af/]df cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . To;/L g} Pp6} n]vssf leGg–leGg ljifo j:t'nfO{ lnP/ n]lvPsf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fv]/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

#=@=! cg';GwfgfTds s[ltx¿

       o; pkzLif{s cGt{ut kfl/hftsf af/]df ul/Psf ljBfjfl/lw Pjd\ :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wsfo{x¿nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

#=@=!=! tf/fsfGt kf08]o

       tf/fsfGt kf08]on] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf cleJol~ht oyfy{ -@)%%_ df @)#^–@)$% ;Ddsf] cjlwdf k|sflzt k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfsf] af/]df rrf{ ug]{ qmddf kfl/hftsf s]xL sljtfx¿sf] klg l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ .

       cfw'lgs e08f/ eGg] sljtfdf kfl/hftn] /fi6«sf ljljw kIfnfO{ k|:t't u/]sL 5g\ . Psflt/ d'n'sdf JofKt lj;Ëlt / tThGo oyfy{sf] pb\3f6g / csf{lt/ To;sf sf/s tŒjx¿k|lt Joª\Uo Jol~ht u/]sL 5g\ .

       Pp6f lgd'vf a'9fsf] cGt{jftf{ df sljtfsf] cfnDag kfqsf] ¿kdf a'9fnfO{ ;dfhdf pTkL8g ef]lu/x]sf dflg;x¿sf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . a'9fsf] ljut ;'Gb/ lyPg, jt{dfg kL8fbfos 5 / eljio ToxL jt{dfgs} ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .[1]

       Pp6f :jf:gLdfG5]sf] cGt{jftf{ df cfly{s b[li6n] gf/Lx¿sf] hLjg b'Mvdo x'gfsf] k5fl8 ;dfhdf :yflkt ;fdlGt / k"FhLjfbL k|sf/sf] ldl>t cfly{s ;+/rgf / tThGo pTkfbg ;DaGwx¿ sf/ssf] ¿kdf /x]sf]df gf/Lx¿sf] cj:yf a'‰g] / To;sf] snfTds cleJo~hgf lbg] sfd u/]sf] kf08]o atfpF5g\ .

       To;/L g} dfg'ifL df k'?if ;dfh / ju{åf/f gf/Ldfly ul/Psf] pTkL8g, pk]Iff / ckdfgsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ d''Vo ljifo agfPsL 5g\ .

#=@=!=@ uf]kLGb| kf}8]n

       uf]kLGb| kf}8]nn] k|ultjfbL g]kfnL syfsf k|j[lQ - @)^@_ df kfl/hftsf syfx¿sf] j}rfl/s hLjg b[li6sf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;8s / k|ltef syf;ª\u|xdf !& j6f syf kfOg], To;df clwsf+z lj;ËltjfbL, cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgdf cfwfl/t eP klg ;fyLsf] ;Demgf, l;6L xnsf] a'9L HofdL, js{zkleq / a'9f af k|ultjfbL syf ePsf] kf}8]nsf] 7x/ 5 .

    d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] -@)@!_ af6 cfˆgf] syfofqfsf] k|f/De ug]{ kfl/hftn] syf l;h{gfdf gjLgtd z}nLlzNksf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . k"jfw{df lg:;f/tfjfbL lj;ËltjfbL hLjgb[li6sf] 5fk kfOG5 eg] pQ/f4{df k|ultjfbL lrGtg / dfGotfsf] cf/fwgf ug{ yfn] klg lz/Lifsf] km"n kmqmg] pj{/f dgl:ylt / lrGtgdf cfd"n kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf]
b]lvG5 .[1]

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[1] uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, …d"n sYosf] s]Gb|Lotfdf kfl/hftsf] gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0f syfÚ, cGtWj{lg, -jif{ @& cªs @, @)%)_, k[= @$ .

       pQ/f4{ r/0fsL kfl/hftdf ;dfhaf]w, ju{af]w / hLjgaf]w oyfy{k/s x'gfn] syfdf To;sf] j:t'jfbL k|ltlaDag x'g uPsf] 5 . olt a]nfsL kfl/hftn] syfdfkm{t\ ;dfhdf ljBdfg ju{j}ifDosf] dfq cfnf]rgf u/]sf] geO{ ju{;ª\3if{sf dfWodaf6 pGd'lQmsf] ;Gb]z klg lbPsL 5g\ . pgsf …g}sfk] ;ls{gLÚ, …gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0f,Ú …;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfF;'Ú zLif{ssf syfx¿ gf/L ljifos k|ultjfbL lsQfsf dxŒjk"0f{ k|flKt x'g\ .[2]

       o;} ;Gbe{df l;6L xnsL a'9L HofdL syfsf] pgn] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . dhb'/ ju{n] cfkm"dfly x'g] zf]if0fsf] klxrfg u/L ;ª\3if{ ug'{ k5{ eGg] j}rfl/s ;Gb]z o; syfsf] b]lvG5 . o; syfsf] d'Vo k|of]hg >d ;f}Gbo{sf] pb\af]wg ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

       syfsf/sf] hLjgb[li6 :ki6 ePsf] sf/0f o; syfdf qmflGtsf/L cfzfjfbsf] ;~rf/ ePsf] / To;n] dhb'/ ju{nfO{ eljio k|flKtsf nflu clek|]l/t u/]sf] kf}8]nsf] lgZsif{ 5 .

#=@=!=# ejfgLk|;fb kf08]o

       ejfgLk|;fb kf08]on] kfl/hftsf pkGof;df ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfb -@)^@_ df kfl/hftsf pkGof;, ltgdf kfOg] k|j[lQut ljz]iftf Pjd\ k|ultjfbL lrGtgsf] uxg ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] cWoog If]q ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfb ePtf klg cGo k|j[lQsf];d]t ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       kf08]osf cg';f/ lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof; 3f]/ lg/fzf, xtfzf / g}/fZoaf]wn] IftljIft ePsf] kfl/hftsf] klxnf] / ax'rlr{t pkGof; xf] . o;df cl:tTjjfb, lj;Ëltjfb, k|mfo8jfb / r/d JolQmjfbsf] Psd'i6 ;+of]hg ul/Psf] 5 . gf/L cxd / gf/L xssf] s]Gb|Lotfdf k'?if bdgnfO{;d]t ;d]l6Psf] k|:t't pkGof;n] g]kfnL ;xl/of ;dfhsf dWod juL{o rl/qnfO{ k|d'v :yfg lbPsf] 5 .[3]

       dxQfxLg ;fgf] cfsf/ k|sf/sf], ljs[t dfgl;stf af]s]sf kfqx¿ ePsf], a]9ª\uL Pjd\ lj;ª\ut sYon] el/Psf] dxflj;Ëltaf]wL pkGof; xf] . o;df j:t' ljGof; sdhf]/, efj lj>ª\vlnt / r]tgf ljeT; k|j[lQsf] 5 . o;n] hLjgsf] s'g} klg ;'Gb/ b[Zo x]g{ ;s]sf] 5}g .

       a}+;sf] dfG5] lj;Ëlt / cl:tTjaf]w hufpg] ljb|f]xL pkGof; xf] . o;n] ;dfhsf lgDg :t/sf kfqx¿sf rl/qdfkm{t\ ljs[t ;fdflhs oyfy{sf] pb\3f6g u/]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg g]kfnL ;dfhsdf /x]sf t'R5 k|j[lQx¿nfO{ oyfy{ z}nLdf b]vfPsf] 5 . oxfF g]kfnL o'jf zlQm Pjd\ hf]; cfly{s ;ª\s6sf sf/0f lrl;Psf] / To;}n] pgLx¿sf] hLjg /f]uL / cnkq z}nLdf ljlt/x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . h'g o'u ;Tosf] cleJo~hgf ePsf] kf08]osf] ts{ 5 .

       lz/Lifsf] km"n n] cl:tTjaf]wL lj;Ëltaf]w u/fpF5, dxQfxLg n] dxflj;Ëltaf]wsf] cleJolQm lbG5 eg] a}+;sf] dfG5] n] c/fhstfjfbL cl:tTjaf]w u/fpF5 .[4]

       tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ pkGof;df …dÚ kfqsf] k|;ª\u cg';f/ JoQm u/]sf ljrf/x¿ / g]kfnL /fli6«o hghLjg, cfly{s ljkGgtf, ;fdflhs lje]b, k|zf;lgs e|i6tf cflbsf ;fk]Iftfdf x]bf{ kfl/hftleq ljsl;t x'Fb} uPsf] j:t'jfbL r]tgfsf] ;+s]t kfOG5 . oxL k|ultzLn r]tgfn] lj:tf/} ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL af6f] ;dfPsf] 5 . olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg o; pkGof;sf kfqx¿n] cfd'n kl/jt{gsf nflu qmda4, j}1flgs Pjd\ Jofks k|of; u/]sf] kfOFb}g . yf]/} ljZn]if0ffTds / lgl/If0ffTds dfq b]lvG5 . hLjgdf nfu' x'g] k4lt cg';f/ k|of]u ePsf] 5}g . ;+lIfKt / ;f/e"t ¿kdf o; pkGof;n] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{sf] ;+of]hg / ;+sng dfq u/]sf], ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL aGg afFsL /x]sf] kf08]o atfpF5g\ .

       p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] ;r]t cfof]hgfsf ;fy n]lvPsf kfl/hftsf pkGof;dWo] klxnf] ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL pkGof; xf] . oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf kfl/hftdf åGbfTds ef}ltsjfbL dfS;{jfbL dfGotfx¿n] ljsf; kfPsf 5g\ . kvf{nleq / aflx/ pkGof;df tTsfnLg juL{o o'uaf]w, /fhg}lts r]tgfsf] ljsf;, d'lQmsf nflu qmflGtsf] af6f]sf] vf]hL / qmflGtsf/L Pjd\ knfogjfbL k|j[lQx¿sf] kl/ro u/fOPsf] 5 . ul/aL, ;fdGtL zf]if0f / juL{o åGbsf lrq0fx¿ k|ltlglwd"ns 5g\ . cleJolQmdf ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL lrGtg 5 .

       clgbf] kxf8;Fu} kfl/hftsf] ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL pkGof;x¿dWo] ;jf]{Ts[i6 xf] . o;df kfl/hftsf ax'ljwf hLjgfg'ej, uxg cWoog ljZn]if0f / nfdf] Pjd\ s7f]/ pkGof; ;fwgfsf] lgZsif{ cfPsf] 5 . juL{o åGå, ;fd'lxstfdf ljZjf;, cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] ;Gb]z, hg k|ltj4tf, dfS;{jfbL b[li6sf]0f / k|ultzLn k|j[lQåf/f ;d[4 kfl/Psf]n] of] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL pkGof; xf] .

#=@=!=$ bLks uf}td

       bLks uf}tdn] ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL g]kfnL syfsf k|j[lQx¿ -@)^@_ df kfl/hftsf kl5Nnf r/0fsf syf /rgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       o;/L Pp6f gfpF sfl6G5 syfdf …afx| 5f]/f t]x| gflt, a'9fsf] wf]s|f] sfFw} dflyÚ eGg] pvfgsf] cfzonfO{ rl/tfy{ ul/Psf] 5 . syfsf/ kfl/hftsf] …uf]n]Ú kfqk|lt ;xfg'e"lt /x]sf] / ljb]zL 7]s]bf/k|lt gsf/fTds b[li6 /x]sf] 5 . s'g} u'nfkm cf]efgf] 5}g syfdf k|To]s g]kfnL zf]if0f / qf;af6 d'Qm 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] k|ltlaDa ul/Psf] 5 . hgtfnfO{ zf]if0fsf lj?4 nfUg nufpg' o; syfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .[5]

       ;DaGw syfdf juL{o ;dfhsf] lrGtg / rl/qnfO{ cgfj/0f ul/Psf] 5 . juL{o ;dfhsf] ;x/n] hgtfnfO{ s;/L zf]if0f u5{ eGg] b]vfOPsf] 5 . g}sfk] ;ls{gL syfdf ;ls{gLsf] r]tgf ljsf;nfO{ pb\3f6g ul/Psf] 5 . nf]Ug]af6 kl/ToStf / lji0f'dtLdf afn'jf 5fg]/ hLjgofkg ul//x]sL ;ls{gLsf] r]tgf ljsf;nfO{ o; syfdf cgfj/0f ul/Psf] uf}tdsf] ts{ 5 .

       k};fsf] /+u syfdf k"FhLsf] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] / s'g /+usf] k"FhLnfO{ ;dfhn] l:js[lt lbg] / s'gnfO{ glbg] eGg] lg0f{o syfdf cfPsf] 5 . Pp6f ufpFdf syfdf hgtfdfly leGg ¿kaf6 ul/g] bdgnfO{ b]vfpFb} To;nfO{ ;x]/ a:g' x'Fb}g eGg] ;f/j:t' k|ltlaDag u/]sf] 5 . ;ª\3if{df plqP kl5 cjZo klg d'lQm kfOG5 / To; ;ª\3if{df dlxnf tyf k'?if ;xefuL aGg' k5{ eGg] p2]Zo syfn] lnPsf] 5 .

       ;O;sf] lr7L syfdf ul/aLaf6 pTkGg l:yltsf] k|ltlaDa ul/Psf] / cfly{s lj;Ëltsf] kL8f ef]Ug ljjz lgDg juL{o kl/j]znfO{ syfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;s'Gtnfsf] lgGtg syfdf sfof{nosf xflsdx¿sf >LdtLx¿n] klg tNnf] txsf sd{rf/Lx¿ tyf kl/jf/nfO{ ljleGg txaf6 ug]{ zf]if0fljlwnfO{ pb\3f6g u/]sf] uf}td atfpF5g\ .

       zf]w syfdf wgL dflg;x¿ ul/asf] zf]if0faf6 dfly p7]sf 5g\ eGg] ;f/j:t' b]vfOPsf] 5 . gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0f syfdf clwsf+z hgtfx¿ ul/aLsf sf/0f csfndf dg{ ljjz hgtfsf] l:ylt b]vfOPsf] 5 .

       ;fFem, pbf; 3/sf] lkF9Ldf syfdf cfly{s bl/b|tf / g}lts ljkGgtf k|blz{t 5 eg] jwzfnf hfFbf cfpFbf syfdf jt{dfg ;dfhsf JolQmx¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf] lj;Ëltx¿ pb\3f6g ul/Psf] 5 .

#=@=!=% 1fg' kf08]

       1fg' kf08]n] ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;df cl:tTjjfb -@)^@_ df cl:tTjjfbL pkGof;sf/x¿sf] rrf{ ug]{ qmddf kfl/hftsf] klg rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnLeqaf6 cl:tTjjfbL pkGof; n]vgsf] cf/De lz/Lifsf] km"n -@)@@_ af6 ;'? ePsf] pgsf] bfjf 5 . lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;df kfl/hftn] Psflt/ ;sda/Lsf dfWodaf6 cl:tTjjfbLeqsf] JolQm :jtGqtfsf] r]tgfnfO{ jf0fL lbg vf]h]sL l5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ dfgjLo hLjgsf] lg:;f/ / lg¿kfo clg lj;ª\ut / a]bgf u|:t cj:yfdfly cl:tTjjfbL JofVofnfO{ pkGof;sf] gfos ;'of]ujL/sf] hLjgef]ufO / s'/f u/fOsf dfWodaf6 cleJolQm lbg ;kmn ePsf] kf08]n] atfPsL 5g\ .

       dxQfxLg df hLjgsf] cl:tTjxLgtf / lj;Ëltsf] r/d kl/0fltsfaLr afFRg jfWo ePsf] dflg;sf] hLjgsf] oyfy{ t:jL/ k|:t't u/]sf] / kf7snfO{ cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL lj;Ëltsf] dd{af]w u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] kfOG5 . ef]uk|ltsf] ljt[i0ffn] hGdfPsf] z'Gotfsf] gfª\uf] cg'ejdf g} lg:;f/tf k|ltlalDat x'G5 eGg] tYonfO{ o; pkGof;df kfl/hftn] ;Dk|]if0f u/]sL 5g\ .[6]

#=@=!=^ afa'/fd zdf{ ‘x]dGt’

       afa'/fd zdf{ …x]dGtÚ n] g]kfnL ;flxTodf /fNkmf cfGbf]ng -@)%)_ df /fNkmfnL cfGbf]ng, To;sf cleofgstf{ Pjd\ /fNkmfnL ;flxTosf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddf kfl/hftsf] af/]df klg rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fNkmfsf] d'Vo cleofgstf{sf ¿kdf kfl/hftsf] e"ldsf Pjd\ pgsf] /fNkmfnL ;flxTosf];d]t lr/kmf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

       lj=;+= @)!( ;fndf /f]un] a9L cfqmd0f ug{ yfn]kl5 kfl/hftnfO{ lzIf0faf6 cjsfz ldNof] . s'FlhP/ k'tnL;8ssf] 8]/fdf a:g] / n]vg k|d'v sfo{ x'g yfNof] . lg/fzf, s'G7f / z'Goaf]w x'g nfu]sf]n] kqklqsfsf] cWoog / n]vg ;Fu;Fu} cl3 a9\of] . cGt/d'vL / efj's kfl/hft r]Uj]ef/f / dfSo"{h cflbsf hLjgLx¿n] k|efljt eOg\ . /]l8of] g]kfndf ufpg] /fd]z, /fog, cl/d / d~h''nsf] r]s sf08n] xnrn dRrfof] eg] pgLx¿sf] :j/dfw'o{af6 kfl/hft lgs} k|efljt x'g yflng\ / pgLx¿nfO{ e]6\g] OR5f ul/g\ . ljdndfkm{t\ pgLx¿ kfl/hftnfO{ e]6\g uP . Psflt/ /f]un] kLl8t kfl/hft sf]7fdf g} al;/xg' kbf{ c;'/lIft ePsf] 7fgL s'g} ;Dks{ / ;'/Iffsf] vf]hLdf lyOg\ eg] csf]{lt/ tL pT;fxL o'jf snfsf/x¿sf] nflu klg To:t} af}l4s JolQmTjsf] vfFrf] lyof] . kmntM /fNkmf ;+u7gsf] u7g eof] . /fNkmfsf] hGd kfl/hftsf] sf]7fdf ePsf] / 5nkmn / ljrf/;d]t pgs} sf]7fdf x'g] uYof]{ .[7]

       /fNkmfsfn -@)@$–@)@(÷#)_ sf kfl/hftsf syfdf zx/Lo jftfj/0f kfOG5 . oL syfx¿df ;fdflhs ljs[lt / lj;Ëlt k|r'/ ¿kdf kfOG5 . syfsf kfqx¿df c;Gt'li6 cGtå{Gå, lj;Ëlt, ljjztf, lj/f]wfef;sf] ;fy} dgf]j}1flgs /f]un] u|:t 5g\ . oL kfqx¿df lj/f]w, cfqmf]; / cGtå{Gå eP klg cGttM lj/f]wdf g} ;Lldt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

       k|f/Desfnsf] ;fk]Iftfdf pTsif{sfndf kfl/hftsf syfdf kl/jt{g kfOG5 . tfklg b'j} r/0fsf syfsf kfqx¿ lj;Ëltk"0f{ l:yltdf hLjgsf] hl6n kl/j]znfO{ ef]Ug afWo ePsf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf lgaGwx¿df …Ps /fNkmf csf]{ /fNkmfsf] 8fo/LdfÚ h:tf s]xL lgaGwx¿ lgs} pTs[i6 / ;kmn lrGtg ePsf] zdf{sf] ts{ 5 .

       j}rfl/s kl/jt{gsf] qmddf kfl/hftsf wf/0ffx¿ klg ab\lnFb} uPsf 5g\ / o;sf] k|efj pgsf pkGof;df klg kfOG5 . cl:tTjjfb, /fNkmf ljb|f]x, k|ultzLntf kl/jlt{t ofqf qmdx¿ x'g\ .

       dxQfxLg pkGof; lj;ËltjfbL wf/0ff;Fu z"GojfbnfO{ cFuLsf/ ub}{ cl:tTjjfbnfO{ cFufNg k'u]sf] 5 . sfd'sf] lj;ËltjfbL lrGtg / ;fq{sf] cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgsf] ;fy} z"GojfbL lrgtgnfO{ o; pkGof;sf dfWodaf6 el/nf] agfPsf] / lz/Lifsf] km"n n] canDag u/]sf] dfu{nfO{ dxQfxLg n] lj:tf/ u/]sf] zdf{ atfpF5g\ .

       a}+;sf] dfG5] pkGof;df c/fhstfjfbL–cl:tTjjfbL k|j[lQ :ki6 ¿kdf kfOG5 eg] k|ultjfbdf ;+qmd0f dfq ePsf]n] :ki6 k|ultjfbL dfGotf cg'¿k ;xL lbzfaf]w ug{ g;s]sf] / /fNkmfsf] oyfl:ylt Pjd\ k/Dk/fk|ltsf] cfqmf]z / ljb|f]xL k|j[lQ g} o; pkGof;sf] d"n k|j[lQ ePsf] zdf{sf] lg:sif{ 5 .

#=@=!=& cDa'ejfgL sfsL{

       cDa'ejfgL sfsL{n] kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tf -@)%@_ df kfl/hftsf] syfsf r/0f ljefhg ug'{sf ;fy} ltgsf] k|j[lQ;d]t lg¿k0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       kfl/hftsf syfx¿df ;fdflhs hghLjgsf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} kIfsf] oyfy{ lrq0f ub}{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf ljleGg kIfsf ljs[lt, lj;ª\utL, s';+:sf/, c;dfgtf, cflb cg]s kIfdf cfˆgf] b[li6 k'¥ofPsL 5g\ . pgsf syfdf …dÚ kfqsf] cflwSotf kfOG5 eg] …pmÚ jf To:t} cGo kfqx¿sf] klg pkl:ylt 5 .[8]

       lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] syfaf6 cfˆgf] syf ofqf k|f/De u/]sL kfl/hftsf] syf ofqfdf b'O{ r/0f kfOG5 . klxnf] r/0f -@)@!–@)#@_ sf syfx¿ cflbd b]z / ;8s / k|ltef df ;ª\u|lxt 5g\ . cflbd b]z sf syfn] hLjg gUg, cflbd / cy{xLg b]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL syfx¿df cl:tTjjfbL lrGtg kfOG5 . cl:tTjaf]weGbf cem Hofbf lj;ËltjfbL kfOG5 . ;8s / k|ltef leqsf syfx¿df ljb|f]xfTds cleJolQm 5, h'g /fNkmfnL cfGbf]ngsf] k|efj xf] . o;df c/fhstfjfb xfjL 5 .

       kfl/hftsf] syf n]vgsf] bf;|f] r/0f -@)##–@)$(_ sf syfx¿df åGbfTds ef}ltsjfbL r]tgf kfOG5 . o; qmddf pgn] s'07f, kL8f, ;ª\3if{nfO{ ;Eotfsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf x]g{ k'lug\ . oyfy{ ljZn]if0f ug{ nflug\ .

#=@=!=* e}/jk|;fb u]nfn

       kfl/hftsf s[ltx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ qmddf e}/jk|;fb u]nfnsf] gfd klg hf]l8G5 . u]nfnn] slj kfl/hftsf] sljTjsf] cWoog, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg -@)%$_ df kfl/hftsf sljtf s[ltx¿ Pjd\ ltgsf k|j[lQx¿ lg¿k0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       cfsf+Iff leqsf sljtfdf :jR5GbtfjfbL efj's sNkgfzLntfsf] dfqf a9L 5 / k|]dnfO{ d"n cfwf/ agfP/ k|fs[lts laDa / k|ltsx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

       kfl/hftsf sljtf leqsf sljtfsf] j:t' ;fdflhs x'Fbfx'Fb} klg To;df cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL lrGtgsf] 5fk k/]sf]n] tL sljtfx¿ ;fdflhs ljs[lt, ?U0ftf, lg/fzf, knfogsf] k|:t'ltsf ¿kdf / d[To'k'hssf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . t/ a}+;fn' jt{dfgsf] ;dfh kl/jt{gd'vL, qmflGtsf/L, pGgltzLn, l;h{gzLn 5 .[9]

       a}+;fn' jt{dfg leqsf sljtfn] Gofo, ;dfgtfsf] kIfdf ;dfhnfO{ hfu?s / ;ª\ul7t u/fpg] ;Gbe{df x/]s ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] Psdfq ljsNk dfS;{jfbL lrGtgdf cfwfl/t qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g xf] eGg] ;Gb]z JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . oL sljtfsf] ljrf/ kIf cToGt pj{/ / pGgt vfnsf] 5 / Tof] ljrf/ JolQms]lGb|t geP/ ;dfhs]lGb|t 5 eg]/ u]nfnn] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ .

       ;';ª\u7gsf b[li6n] cfsf+Iff eGbf kfl/hftsf sljtf leqsf sljtf ;kmn 5g\ eg] a}+;fn' jt{dfg pgsf] sfJo ;fwgfsf] d"ne't k|flKt ePsf] u]nfn atfpF5g\ . aflx/af6 x]bf{ cfsf+Iff leqsf sljtf k|s[ltnfO{ cfnDag agfP/ n]lvPsf eP klg oL sljtfx¿df k|of]u ePsf] k|s[lt :jo+ kfl/hft / pgsf] la5f]l8Psf] k|]dLsf] ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 .

       a}+;fn' jt{dfg dfS;{jfbL k|lta4tfdf hf]8 lbg] s[lt xf] . o; sljtf s[ltdf kfl/hftn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf JofKt ;fdGtL zf]if0fsf] kf]n vf]n]sL l5g\ . pRr s'nLg hflt / ju{n] lgDghflt / ju{dfly ug]{ u/]sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts / zfl//Ls zf]if0fsf lj?4 ;dfhnfO{ ;hu, ;ª\ul7t / ;zlQms/0f ug]{ cleef/fnfO{ a}+;fn' jt{dfg df k"/f u/]sL 5g\ .[10]

#=@=!=( kzfsfGt yfkf ‘>Lif’

       kzfsfGt yfkf …>LifÚ n] lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog -@)%%_ df pQm pkGof;sf] ;fdflhs tyf bfz{lgs, j}rfl/s b[li6n] ljleGg sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       lz/Lifsf] km"n df ;dfhsf cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts kIfx¿leq ck|ToIf ¿kdf lklN;Psf] t/ lgtfGt j}olQms ;f]rfO Pjd\ gf/L / k'?ifdf x'g] dgf]j}1flgs cfofdn] :yfg kfPsf] 5 . ;sda/L / ;'of]usf dfWodaf6 gf/L / k'?if cGtd{gnfO{ :kz{ ug]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 . tL gf/L–k'?ifsf cGtå{Gå Pjd\ ljrf/x¿ ;fj{ef}lds geO{ JolQmjfbL w/ftnsf pkh ag]/ k|:t't ePsf 5g\ .[11]

Kfl/hftn] JolQmjfbL lg:;f/tfjfbsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sL l5g\ . PSnf]kgf, z"Goaf]w, lg/fzf, cfGdLotfsf] cefjaf]w, c;'/Iff, cfTdfkL8g cflbsf] efjgfTds k|jfxdf of] lrGtg km:6fPsf] x'G5 . kfl/hftn] klg k|:t't pkGof;df lg/fzf / z"Gotfs} jsfnt u/]sL 5g\ .[12]

       pkGof;n] hLjgdf of}gnfO{ Pp6f lj;ª\ut ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{ vf]h]sf] kfOG5 . ;sda/Ldf of}gk|lt tLj| ljt[i0ff 5 . t}klg of}ghLjgaf6 k|efljt geO/xg eg] ;lSbg . ;'of]u ljutdf of}gnfO{ lx+;fTds Pjd\ cg}lts ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] t/ cGTodf cfkm};Fu k/flht eO{ lg:;f/ hLjg latfpg ljjz 5 . lzj/fh of}gk|lt t6:y /xg vf]Hbf–vf]Hb} klg ck|efljt /xg ;Sb}g . d'h'/f rfFxL cJoQm of}g rfxgf af]s]/ klg Psn hLjg latfpg ljjz 5] . of}g hLjg nufot ofjt s'/fx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds tj/n] ef]Ug] k|ultzLn kfq ;fg' ePtf klg ltgsf] rrf{ guGo eP tfklg dxŒj :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5}g .

       pkGof;sf ;a} 36gf / kl/0ffd pkGof;sf/n] cfˆgf] bfz{lgs dfGotfnfO{ pRr u/]tf klg To;n] dfgj Oltxf;nfO{ hLjgdf ;ª\3if{ / k|ultsf] af6f]tkm{ nUg'sf] ;§f lg/fzf / knfogsf] ;f]rtkm{ nu]sf] 5 . pkGof;sf] bfz{lgs dfGotf ;fdflhs / hLjgd'vLeGbf Ifof]Gd'vL 5 . o;n] ;fdflhs ;'wf/tkm{eGbf j}olQms ;f]rfO, s'07f Pjd\ knfogjfbL hLjgsf kIfdf jsfnt u/]sf] 5 .

#=@=!=!) /d]zrGb| /f]sf

       kfl/hftsf s[ltx¿sf] cWoog, ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddf /d]zrGb| /f]sfn] kfl/hftsf cGo ljwfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog -@)%%_ df kfl/hftsf s[ltx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

   w"kL, ;Nnf / nfnLu'F/f;sf] km]bdf / cWoog / ;ª\3if{ gfds cfTd ;+:d/0ffTds s[ltx¿n] kfl/hftnfO{ a'‰g ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . kfl/hftsf hLjgsf afNo, lszf]/ / o'jfj:yfsf 3'DtLnfO{ kl/is[t efifz}nL / snfTds afGsLdf k|:t't ug]{ oL b'O{ s[ltx¿n] kfl/hftnfO{ pTs[i6 cfTd syfsf/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] /f]sfsf] ts{ 5 .

       hLjg ef]ufOsf ljleGg If0fx¿sf] ;xh k|:t'lt, kl/j]zk|ltsf] ;hutf, nofTds efiff, cfsif{s z}nL Pjd\ 5l/tf] ;+u7g ;f}i7jn] pTs[i6 ag]sf] …Ps lrqdo ;'?jftÚ cfTd;+:d/0ffTds s[ltn] kfl/hftnfO{ l;4x:t ;+:d/0fsf/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fPsf] 5 .[13]

      kfl/hft :d[ltu|Gy -@)%!_ df k|sflzt tLg kfqx¿ g} kfl/hftsf kq–;flxTo x'g\ . of] kqdf pgL Ps ;r]t kf7s / k|lta4 k|ultjfbL ;|i6fsf] ¿kdf k|:t't x'g'sf ;fy} hLjg ef]ufOsf ;'vb'Mv / b}lglGbgL klg kfOg] oL kqx¿df kfl/hft Ps ;fdfhls cfd gf/LsL ¿kdf b]vf k/]sL l5g\ .

       cleJolQmsf] ;xhtf, hLjg b[li6sf] :ki6tf / efiffz}nLsf] pTs[i6tfn] oL kqx¿nfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] lglw agfPsf] /f]sf atfpF5g\ .

#=@=!=!! z+s/ k/fh'nL

       z+s/ k/fh'nLn] cg'/fwf, lz/Lifsf] km"n / ;'lDgdf pkGof;sf] t'ngfTds cWoog -@)%&_ df tLg} pkGof;sf]aLr ;fDo Pjd\ j}ifDosf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . pkGof;x¿sf] ljz]iftfnfO{ ;':ki6 9ª\un] k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;df yf]/ax't dgf]lj1fgsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] / ;'of]ujL/sf] ct[Kt of}g s'07f / ;sda/Lsf] :j–/ltu|GyL o;sf] pbfx/0f ePsf] k/fh'nL atfpF5g\ . af}4 wd{sf] z"GojfbeGbf klg k|mfG;]nL ;flxTosf/ cNa6{ sfd'sf] lg:;f/tfjfbaf6 of] pkGof; lgs} k|efljt ePsf] kfOG5 .

       pkGof;x¿sf] t'ngf ug]{ qmddf tLg} pkGof;df d'Vo syf / ;xfos syf /x]sf], ;xfos syfgsn] d'Vo syfgsnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg d2t u/]sf] pgn] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

       cg'/fwf / lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] syfj:t' qmda4 jf z[ª\vlnt ¿kdf cl3 a9]sf 5}gg\ . oL b'j} pkGof; 36gfsf] lx;fan] lzlyn b]lvP klg dfgl;s pb\3f6gsf] lx;fan] Jojl:yt pkGof; 5g\ .[14]

       cg'/fwf sf] sf]dndfg cGtd'{vL 5, lz/Lifsf] km"n sf] ;'of]ujL/ klg cGtd'{vL 5 eg] ;'lDgdf sf] ;f]dbQ alxd'{vL 5 . ltg} pkGof;sf gfds ultzLn, uf]nf / df}lns
5g\ . ;f]dbQ oyfy{ kfq xf] eg] c¿ b'O{ oyfy{ kfq x'g\ .[15]

       tLg} pkGof; ;/n syfgs ePsf dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds, ;f+:s[lts / cl:tTjjfbL pkGof; x'g\ . syfgssf] 9fFrf cg'/fwfdf j[tfsfl/o 5 eg] cGodf /}lvs 5 . tLg} pkGof;df b[ZofTds / j0f{gfTds b'j} k4lQ b]vf k/]sf] k/fh'nL bfjf ub{5g\ .

#=@=!=!@ d+unf yfkf

       d+unf yfkfn] pkGof;sf/ kfl/hftsf] p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"Nofª\sg -@)%&_ df p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f u/]sL 5g\ . g]kfnLx¿ :jb]zdf dfq xf]Og, ljb]zdf klg bf;tfk"0f{ hLjg ef]Ug afWo ePsf], g]kfnL ;dfhsf lgDgju{sf] cfly{s kIfsf ;fy} /fhg}lts kIf klg o; pkGof;sf] syfj:t' /x]sf] 5 .

       o; pkGof;n] jiff}+b]lv vfg gkfP/ d'Unfg a:g'kg]{ afWotfnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofPsf] 5 . pkGof;sf] d'Vo kfq 1fg] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o k"FhLjfbsf] lzsf/ aGg ljjz g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgDg juL{o txsf g]kfnLx¿sf] pbfx/0f xf] t;y{ o; pkGof;df k"FhLjfbL ljs[ltsf kl/j[tdf :yflkt d"NonfO{ pR5]b ug]{ sfd ePsf] 5 . snsQfsf] lgDg juL{o rl/qsf :jefljs d"NonfO{ 1fgaxfb'/n] ef]u]sf] 5 .[16]

       of] pkGof; n]Vbfsf] ;do @)#%÷#^ ;fnsf] ePsf] / o;sf] jftfj/0f @)#^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts jftfj/0f;Fu ;Da4 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf lgDg juL{o kl/j]zdf x'ls{Psf dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhssf ;fy} r]tgfsf] cefjn] klg k/]sf] / cg]s b'Mv kL8faf6 pTkGg ljb|f]xfTds r]tgfnfO{ ;fdGtjfbL ;+:sf/sf] cTofrf/ lj?4 kf]lvPsf] 5 . tTsfnLg /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngdfkm{t\ ;dfhsf] xs clwsf/sf] nflu pgLx¿nfO{ klg Psh'6 x'g cfJxfg u/]sf] o; pkGof;df b]vfOPsf] yfkfsf] bfjL 5 .

       pkGof;df kf7s ju{nfO{ sf}t'xntf kb|fg ug]{ sfo{ ul/Psf] 5}g . 1fgaxfb'/df s'g} lsl;dsf] lj/f]w geO{ PSsf;L cfjf/fkgdf emf]nf af]s]/ lxF8]sf] 5 . olb 1fgaxfg'/nfO{ lgDg ju{k|lt ;fdflhs, cfly{s, zf]if0fk|ltsf] ljb|f]x r]tgf ePsf] eP p;sf ;+jfbx¿df ljb|f]xfTdstf e]l6Gy] xf]nfg\ tfklg o;df k|:t't ;+jfbn] ubf{ h'g ;ª\3if{ lqmofzLn 5 , Tof] eg] b]vfOPsf] 5 .[17]

#=@=!=!# lbgdl0f cfrfo{

       lbgdl0f cfrfo{n] clgbf] kxf8;Fu} pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog -@)%*_ df k~rfotL lg/+s'ztf lj/f]wL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng / To;sf] s]Gb|Lotf ePsf] ;ª\3if{sf] lrq0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . tTsfnLg hgdt;ª\u|x / To;df hgefjgfsf] k/fhonfO{ b'Mvb ¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] dlxdfufg ug]{ k|:t't pkGof;n] b]z / hgtfsf] kIfdf ;Dk"0f{ cleJolQm lbPsf] / dfS;{jfbL ;f}Gbo{ r]tgfsf] s'zn ;dfof]hg ub}{ b]zsf] v:sFbf] l:ylt / ;f] l:yltaf6 l;lh{Psf ljs/fn ;d:ofsf] lrq0f ub}{ ju{–;ª\3if{sf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ b]vfPsf] s'/f cfrfo{ atfpF5g\ .

       @)#%÷)#^ ;fnsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng;Fu ;DalGwt ePtf klg pkGof;df g]kfnL hghLjgn] ef]Ug' k/]sf b'Mv si6, ul/aL / To;df ;/sf/L pbfl;gtf / cg'Q/bfoLk"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] oyfy{ lrq0f k|:t't ePsf] 5 .[18]

       pkGof;sf gfos gflosfsf] d[To' eP klg syfgsn] qmflGtsf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ ;+s]t ub}{ 6'lª\uPsf] 5 . s'g} Ps rl/qnfO{ s]Gb|Lo agfpg'eGbf klg ;fdflhs hLjgsf oyfy{ kIfnfO{ pb\3f6g ug{ ;xfossf] ¿kdf rl/qx¿sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof;sf k|d'v kfqx¿ s[ltdf JoQm ;}4flGts kIfnfO{ ;dy{g u/]/ To;}df cfkm"nfO{ xf]ldlbg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ .

       pkGof;df pkGof;sf/sf] p2]Zo ;dfhjfbL lrGtgsf] k|:t'lt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljs[lt / lj;Ëlt, ul/aLsf] oyfy{ lrq0f tyf To;df lgsf;sf] :j/ kfOG5 . gf/L :jtGqtfsf] cfu|xx¿sf ;fy} tTsfnLg hglj/f]wL ;Qfsf] kbf{kmf; ug'{ o;sf] p2]Zo
b]lvG5 .

       kfl/hftsf cGo pkGof;sf] ;fk]Iftfdf pTs[i6 o; pkGof;df >dhLjL hgtfsf si6do hLjg k4lt / To;nfO{ lgd"{n ug{sf nflu nl8Psf] n8fOF, zf]if0f, bdg / ;fdGtjfbL k|j[lQsf lj?4 ul/Psf] ljb|f]x, qmflGtsf] lg/Gt/tf / To;df tNnf] ju{sf] hgtfsf] ljhosf] cfzfsf] k|:t'ltn] pkGof;nfO{ ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL agfPsf] 5 .

#=@=!=!$ rGb|dfg >]i7

       rGb|dfg >]i7n] p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog -@)^)_ df pkGof;sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldsf ;fy} o;n] g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . o; pkGof;n] g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf Pp6f a]Un} 9f]sf vf]n]sf]
5 . o;eGbf k"j{ ls;fg ju{;Fu ;DalGwt pkGof; n]lvPsf]df o;n] dhb'/x¿sf] >dr]tgf yk]/ g]kfnL pkGof;nfO{ gofF ljifoj:t' lbPsf] >]i7 atfpF5g\ .

       tTsfnLg ;d;fdlos o'uLg wf/fsf] cleJolQm pkGof;df cfPsf] 5 . @)#)–)#$ ;Ddsf] g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;f+:s[lts kIfx¿ pkGof;df cfPsf] 5 . pkGof;df jl0f{t /fhgLlts 36gfqmd, dhb'/ju{ / xf]6n dflnsx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{, ko{6sx¿sf] ultljlw cflb ljljw 36gf ;Gbe{x¿n] tTsfnLg k/j]znfO{ cleJoQm u/]sf] 5 .[19]

       pkGof;df j0f{gfTds / JofVofTds z}nLsf] k|of]u ul/Psf], pkGof;sf/n] cf}kGofl;s ;LdfeGbf aflx/ uP/ 36gfx¿sf] j0f{g / JofVof u/sf] >]i7 atfpF5g\ . kfqsf] clttnfO{ kfqs} k"j{:d[ltsf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . gfos 1fgaxfb'/sf] ;+:d/0faf6 g} p;sf] clttsf] af/]df hfGg ;lsG5 .

       ;j{xf/f juL{o ;dfh / ;fdGt juL{o ;dfhsfaLr ljBdfg ;ª\3if{ jf åGånfO{ oyfy{ ¿kdf lrqfª\sg ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf]n] åGåsf] pkl:ylt k|efjsf/L /x]sf] o; pkGof;df g]kfn / ef/tsf s]xL :yfgnfO{ sfo{:yn agfP/ n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkGof;n] ljZjhgLg ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 . juL{o zf]if0faf6 ;j{xf/f d'lQmsf] cfGbf]ng ljZjel/ g} pxL ¿kdf rn]sf] x'gfn] 1fgaxfb'/nfO{ ;fj{ef}d rl/qsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsg] pgsf] ts{ 5 .

       g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg ljljw ;d:ofnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] o; pkGof;df juL{o zf]if0faf6 ;j{xf/f ju{sf] d'lQmsf] lglDt qmflGtsf/L o'4 clgjfo{ 5 eGg] ;f/j:t' /x]sf] >]i7sf] bfjf 5 .

#=@=!=!% dL7f/fd yfkf

       kfl/hftsf cf}kGofl;s s[ltx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddf dL7f/fd yfkfsf] gfd klg hf]l8g cfpF5 . pgn] p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog -@)^)_ df j}rfl/s Pjd\ t'ngfTds b[li6n] pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       k|d'v kfq 1fgaxfb'/sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df syfgs ljsl;t ePsf] pkGof;sf] gf/L kfq uª\ufnfO{ e"ldut /fhgLltdf gf/Lx¿sf] ;"Idt/ t/ clj:d/0fLo of]ubfg x'G5 eGg] b]vfpFb} gf/Lx¿sf] k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf n]vsn] pEofPsL l5g\ .

       p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] n] lj;ËltjfbL–cl:tTjjfb / /fNkmfnL k|j[lQnfO{ labf ub}{{ k|ultjfbsf] ljhf/f]k0f u/]sf] yfkfsf] ts{ 5 .

       Pp6f /fhg}lts qmflGtsf] pHofnf] ;Defjgf b]vfP/ pkGof;sf] syfj:t' ;dfKt x'G5 . o;df 1fgaxfb'/ cGofo / cTofrf/sf] lj/f]w ub}{ ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu e"ldut ePsf] 5 . o;df 1fg]n] ljkGg dhb'/ ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] / g]kfnLx¿ hxfF uP klg h:tf] sfd u/] klg bf;tfk"0f{ hLjg ef]Ug afWo 5g\ eGg] s'/f pgsf] hLjgaf6 k|i6 x'g] ljrf/ dL7f/fdn] cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

       pkGof;df ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts l:yltsf] lrq0fsf ;fy} wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, /Lltl:ylt / k|s[lt;d]t lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . oL ljleGg kIf;Fu ;DalGwt b[Zox¿ ;do, :yfg / kl/l:yltsf ;Ldfleq afFlwPsf kfOG5g\ .

k|ultjfbL ;f]r cg';f/ /rgf ul/Psf] o; pkGof;sf] d"n p2]Zo ;dfhsf] cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] lgldQ juL{o åGånfO{ cyjf qmflGtnfO{ gofF 9ª\un] cufl8 a9fpFg' kg]{ ljrf/sf] cfVofgfGds cleJolQm ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .[20]

       pkGof;sf] j}rfl/stf g} k|ultjfb ePsf] o; pkGof;df e"ldut /fhgLltsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] b]vfpFb} wgL / ul/aaLrsf] vf8n k'g{ / ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ juL{o ;ª\3if{sf] cfjZostf b]vfPsf] 5 . pkGof;n] Toltv]/sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts oyfy{tfnfO{ dfS;{jfbL bfz{lgs lrGtg cg';f/ cfVofgLs/0f u/]sf] yfkf atfpF5g\ .

#=@=!=!^ k|e'/fd cfrfo{

       kfl/hftsf cf}kGofl;s s[ltx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ qmddf k|e'/fd cfrfo{ klg hf]l8g cfpF5g\ . cfrfo{n] kfl/hftsf] clgbf] kxf8;Fu} sf] cWoog -@)^)_ df pQm pkGof;nfO{ k|ultjfbL wf/sf] pTs[i6 pkGof; dfg]sf 5g\ . pkGof;sf 36gf, kfqx¿sf] rog / pgLx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk k|ultjfbL ;f]r cg';f/ ePsf], dfS;{jfbL ;f}Gbo{ zf:qLo bz{g cg';f/ pkGof;sf] syfj:t' / kfqx¿ lnP/ ltgLx¿n] ;fDojfbL ;f]r cg';f/ cfˆgf clwsf/sf nflu u/]sf sfo{x¿nfO{ oyfy{ ¿kdf ptf/]sf] pgsf] ts{ 5 .

       pkGof;sf] zLif{s k|ltsfTds 5 . kbfjnLut ;+/rgfdf 5 . clgbf] eg]sf] g;'t]sf] JolQm / kxf8;Fu} kxf8sf] cy{;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .

       afXo kl/j]zdf ljleGg 7fpFx¿ kb{5g\ eg] cfGtl/s kl/j]zdf k~rfotL kl/j]zdf k~rfotL zf;sn] u/]sf] bdg, zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf sf/0f kfqx¿sf dgdf pAh]sf] ljb|f]x, qmflGt b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

       tTsfnLg k~rfotL Joj:yfdf b]vf k/]sf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts cflb ljs[ltx¿nfO{ g]kfnL hgtf;fd' /fv]/ To;sf lj?4 pqgsf nflu k|]l/t ug'{ Ps p2]Zo xf] . gf/LjfbL lrGtgsf ;fy} dfS;{jfbL lrGtg klg cfPsf] 5 .[21]

       g]kfnsf] j:t'l:yltnfO{ ;xL d"Nofª\sg b[li6sf ;fy a'em]/ ufpFb]lv ;x/;Dddf ;fdflhs oyfy{nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ of] pkGof;n] hgtfsf] d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] syf af]s]sf] cfrfo{ atfpF5g\ .

#=@=!=!& xl/x/ rfkfufO{+

       kfl/hftsf cf}kGofl;s s[ltsf] ljj]rgf ug]{ qmdd} xl/x/ rfkfufO{+sf] gfd klg hf]l8P/ cfpF5 . xl/x/ rfkfufO{Fn] kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog -@)^)_ df s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{sf ;fy} zLif{ssf] cfwf/df efjsf] ljj]rgf;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . s[ltsf] zLif{s x]g]{ lalQs} kf7sdf kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ s:tf lsl;dsf cfFvfx¿ x'g\ / logLx¿ s;/L kl/eflift jf lrlGxt x'G5g\ eGg] v'Nb'nL hfUb5 / pkGof; k9\b} hfFbf kf7sdf /x]sf] Tof] v'Nb'nL qmdzM r/d cj:yfdf k'uL cGTodf dfq /x:osf] ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf pb\3f6g eO{ zfGt x'g k'Ub5 . ;'?df ul/a, c;xfo, kz'jt\ hLjg latfO/x]sL laHhLsf cfFvf s]xL ;do v';L h:tf] :jKgdo ;+;f/df cNdlnP klg cGTodf tL cfFvfx¿ k'gM emg\ r/d kz'jt\ Jojxf/ ;xFb} cTofrf/Lx¿sf] qm'/tfsf] lzsf/ aGg ljjz ePsf 5g\ . pkGof;sf cGo kfqsf cfFvfn] klg sf}t'xn l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ / ltgdf a;lGtof / /fhg ;/sf cfFvf klg kb{5g\ .

       pkGof;sf] ;Dk"0f{ syfgs g} sf}t'xndo 5 . o;df kf7snfO{ lh1f;' agfO /fVg] tyf afFw]/ /fVg] Ifdtf 5 . o:tf] syfgs snfTds d"Nosf b[li6n] pRrsf]6Lsf] dflgg] rfkfufO{F atfpF5g\ .

       kfqsf z}lIfs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0f, /fhgLlts :t/ ;'xfpFbf] ;+jfb 5 . of] pkGof;df kfl/hftn] d"ntM @)#)–@)$^ ;Ddsf] g]kfnL /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kl/k|]Iodf tTsfnLg ;dfhsf] ljs[t oyfy{nfO{ cfnf]rgfTds ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sL 5g\ . gf/Ldfly x'g] of}gzf]if0f, anfTsf/ / xTofh:tf h3Go ck/fwsf lj?4 gsf/fTds kIfdf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ r]tgf hufO{ To;sf] lj?4df ;ª\ul7t ¿kn] lxF8\\g clek|]l/t ug'{ g} o; pkGof;sf] ;f/j:t' xf] .[22]

#=@=!=!* /fhg e§/fO{

/fhg e§/fO{n] kfl/hftsf pkGof;df cleJoQm lj;ËltjfbL cl:tTjsf] lrGtg
-@)^!_ df kfl/hftsf pkGof;df lj;Ëltjfb / cl:tTjjfbsf] :yfgsf] ljZn]if0f Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       g]kfnL pkGof;df cl:tTjjfbL lrGtg k4ltnfO{ kfl/hftn] lz/Lifsf] km"n -@)@@_ af6 cf/De ePsf] kfOG5 . o; pkGof;n] bf;|f] ljZjo'4sf ljeLlifsfsf] k[i7e"lddf cl:tTjsf] k|Zg p7fP/ hLjgnfO{ z"Gotf / ljeT;tfaf6 pKsfpFb} d"Noaf]wtkm{ pGd'v u/fPsf] kfOG5 . låtLo ljZjo'4af6 efu]/ cl:tTjsf] /Iffy{ lxF8]sf] ;'of]ujL/sf] hLjg lg:;f/tfaf6 ;'? e} lg:;f/tfdf g} 6'ª\luPsf] 5 .

       lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;n] canDjg u/]sf] lrGtg JolQmjfbL ;f]r, ljifQm r]tgf, bldt of}gs'07f, c;Gt'li6, t[i0ff tyf ljt[i0ffh:tf Ifof]Gd'v ;f]rdf cfwfl/t b]lvG5g\ .[23]

       ljs[t r]tgfdf cfwfl/t dxQfxLg pkGof;n] st} klg lzi6, zfnLg / ;Eo hLjg k4lQnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOFb}g . of] k|:t'lt pkGof;sf/ kfl/hftn] hLjg / hutk|lt s'g} Jojl:yt qmdtf / ;'ul7t l:ylt gb]Vg' g} xf] .[24]

       a}+;sf] dfG5] pkGof;n] kfl/hftsf] j}rfl/s ;+qmd0fnfO{ k|:t't ub{5 . o; pkGof;n] Psflt/ lj;ËltjfbL Pjd\ cl:tTjjfbL wf/fnfO{ 5f]8\g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] csf]{lt/ ;dfhaf]wsf] :j/nfO{ p7fpg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . kfl/hft JolQmd"vL lrGtgaf6 ;dfhd'vL x'Fb} uPsf] cleJolQmnfO{ o; pkGof;n] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . dfgj cl:tTjsf] d"No :jtGqtf xf] / dfgjn] of] d"No k|fKt ug{ cfkm"dfly nflbPsf unt vfn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts Joj:yf lj?4 n8\g' kg]{ lrGtg JoQm 5 .

       kfl/hftsf lj;ËltjfbL–cl:tTjjfbL pkGof;x¿ JolQms]Gb|L rl/qdf cfwfl/t 5g\, h'g tTsfnLg ;dfh Pjd\ kl/j]zsf] JofkseGbf Ps kIfsf] ;fdfGo cleJolQm / JolQm ljz]ifsf] ;"Id dgf]nf]ssf] lrq0fdf g} ljz]if cfs[i6 b]lvG5g\ .

       JolQmx¿sf] :jtGqtf Pjd\ cl:tTj k|flKtsf ljleGg cj/f]wx¿;Fu n8\g g;s]/ lg/y{stf, knfot, z"Gotf / d[To' cfk;df km;]sf syfgsnfO{ kfl/hftn] 5gf]6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL ljifox¿ ;dfhnfO{ cu|ult lbg'eGbf oyfl:yltdf /fVg] sfo{df g} ;Lldt b]lvG5 .

#=@=!=!( lagf sfsL{

       lagf sfsL{n] kfl/hftsf] uBsfl/tf -@)^!_ df kfl/hftsf] kl/ro lbg'sf ;fy} pgsf] ;flxTo ofqfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sL 5g\ . pgsf] uBsfl/tfsf ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{ phfu/ u/]sL 5g\ . kfl/hftsf pkGof;nfO{ k|j[lQsf lx;fan] cl:tTjjfbL lj;+ultjfb / ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsg] pgsf] ts{ 5 .

       lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;df kfl/hftn] gsf/fTds hLjgaf]w / dfgj lj/f]wL lrGtgsf] cleJolQm lbPsL 5g\ . dxQfxLg -@)@%_ hLjgsf] Ifof]Gd'vL k|j[lQnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] 3f]/ lj;ËltjfbL pkGof; xf] .

       cGtd'{vL / kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ df lj;Ëltaf]wn] g} k|fyldstf kfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] af]gL sf] k|:t'lt ;jn / oyfy{ eP klg o;n] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{df kfOnf 6]Sg c;dy{ ePsf]  kfOG5 . af]gL sL gflosf klg ;dfh / hLjgk|lt ;r]t geO{ knfogjfbL / d[To'Gd'vL ag]sf] 5 .[25]

       tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ df ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL k|j[lQ kfOG5 . p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] df ;fdflhs oyfy{nfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;Ifd 5 . kvf{nleq / aflx/ n] dfS;{jfbL lrGtgsf] ;jntf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . clgbf] kxf8;Fu} pkGof;nfO{ k|ultjfbL r]tgfsf] ;jf]{Rr k|flKt dfq ;lsg] / o;df pgsf] snfr]tgf, hLjgr]tgf / ;f}Gbo{ r]tgfn] pRr ;+of]hg k|fKt u/]sf] sfsL{sf] bfjf 5 .

       lgaGwdf ;dfhdf k|rlnt lj;Ëltk"0f{ Jojxf/x¿ gf/L d'lQmsf nflu afws ePsf, :jo+ gf/Lx¿ s';+:sf/af6 u|:t x'g' / pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/ gf/L :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfk|lt afws b]lvg] / ;ª\3if{sf nflu cfXjfg u/]sL 5g\ .[26]

       kfl/hftsf cfTd;+:d/0fdf uDeL/ lrGtg / /f]rs k|:t'lt kfOG5 . ju{ / hfltsf, lnª\u, wd{, cy{ / ;+:sf/sf cg]sf}+ lj;Ëltx¿ ljs/fn ¿kn] cfPsf 5g\ . hLjgsf ljleGg 3'DtLnfO{ kl/is[t efiffz}nL / snfTds afGsLdf k|:t't ug]{ oL s[ltx¿n] pTs[i6 cfTd;+:d/0fsf/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .

       pgn] kfl/hftsf] pkGof; ofqfnfO{ tLg r/0fdf ljeflht u/]sL 5g\ . lj=;+= @)@^ ;Dd cl:tTjjfbL cjlw -lz/Lifsf] km"n / dxQfxLg_, lj=;+= @)@&–@)@( ;Dd gj c/fhstfjfbL cjlw -a}+;sf] dfG5]_ / @)#) kl5 k|ultjfbL cjlw -cGo ;a} pkGof;_ eg]/ ljefhg u/]sL 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf cGo uB /rgfsf t'ngfdf pkGof;sf/ JolQmTj a9L ;zQm ePsf] pgsf] ljZn]if0f kfOG5 .

#=@=!=@) vu]Gb| hf]zL

       vu]Gb| hf]zLn] cGtd'{vL pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog -@)^!_ df cGtd'{vL pkGof;sf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . ;/nf gfdsL …dÚ kfqsf dgsf cg'e"ltx¿nfO{ b}lgsLsf ¿kdf lnlka4 ul/Psf] o; pkGof;df JoQm cg'e"ltx¿ sfnqmlds ¿kdf k|:t't gul/P/ lj>ª\vlnt ¿kdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] hf]zL cleJoQm u5{g\ .

       o; pkGof;n] ;xl/of hLjg vf; u/L sf7df8f}+sf] kl/j]zdf afFlr/x]sf lgDg dWod juL{o hLjgn] ef]Ub} cfPsf ljleGg vfn] ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

       pkGof;df k|o'Qm kfqx¿df tTsfnLg jftfj/0fsf] k|ToIf k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 . sd{rf/Lx¿df gf]s/zfxLtGq JofKt /xg', o'jfx¿ unt ;+:s[ltsf] lzsf/ x'g' / s'ntdf km:g', lgDg dWod juL{o kl/jf/sf] cfly{s x}l;ot v:sb} hfg', wd{sf] gfddf ;fd|fHojfbL Ph]06x¿ b]zleq lelqg', s]xL qmflGtr]t o'jfx¿ hghfu/0fsf] cleofgdf h'6\g' t/ e|i6 gyf tfgfzfxL Joj:yfsf] bdgsf] lzsf/ eP/ h]n k'Ug' cflb lqmofsnfkn] tTsfnLg jftfj/0fsf] lrq0f ug]{ sfd ul/Psf] 5 .[27]

       of] rl/qk|wfg / dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds pkGof; ePsf]n] o;df afXo bafaeGbf cfGtl/s åGå k|an 5 . cfGtl/s åGådf pkGof;sL k|d'v kfq ;/nfsf] dgleq rNg] åGå g} k|d'v åGå xf] . p;sf] dgleqsf ljleGg åGåx¿df klg hLjg / hut\k|ltsf] ljrf/df /x]sf] åGå xf], h'g :jod\ pkGof;sf/ leqsf] klg åGå xf] . hf] ;/nfdfkm{t\ cleJoQm ePsf] hf]zLsf] ts{ 5 . lj;ËltjfbL ljrf/n] hLjgk|lt k}bf u/]sf] lg/f;f / k|ultjfbL cyjf dfS;{jfbL ljrf/sf] k|efjsf] sf/0f hLjgk|lt knfPsf] lemgf] cfzfaLrsf] åGå g} o; pkGof;leq /x]sf] åGå xf] .

       pkGof;sf] d"n p2]Zo /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts kl/k|]Iodf tTsfnLg ;dfhdf ljBdfg ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs ljs[ltx¿sf] oyfy{ lrq0f u/L ;fdflhs oyfy{af]w u/fpg' /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;} p2]Zosf] kl/k"lt{sf] lglDg pkGof;sf] k|d'v kfq ;/nfsf] dfWodaf6 ;dfhdf To:tf ljleGg kIfsf] pb\3f6g ug{ vf]h]sf] hf]zL atfpF5g\ .

       cfly{s ljkGgtfsf] sf/0f s] xf] egL d"n sf/0fnfO{ k|i6 kf/]/ ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf p7fO{ ;dfwfgsf] af6f] b]vfpg] lsl;dsf] ljrf/ pkGof;n] lbg ;s]sf] 5}g .[28] kfl/hftdf /x]sf] cl:tTjjfbL lrGtg / k|ultjfbL lrGtgaLrsf] cGt/;ª\3if{sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k k|ultjfb blaPsf] cj:yfdf / cl:ttjjfb ;txdf /x]/ pkGof;df lrGtg k|jfx u/]sf] hf]zL bfjf ub{5g\ .

#=@=!=@! k'iknfn cfrfo{

       k'iknfn cfrfo{n] kfl/hftsf pkGof;sf gf/L kfqx¿sf] cWoog -@)^@_ df kfl/hftsf pkGof;sf gf/L kfqx¿sf] rl/q Pjd\ lqmof Jofkf/sf] uxg ljZn]if0f u/]sf]  kfOG5 .

       lz/Lifsf] km"n n]Vbfsf ;do kfl/hft :jod\ ljlIfKt, of}gs'07f, c/fhs, k|of]ujfbL lrGtg, ljt[i0ff ;dfhaf]w / /f]uaf6 u|:t eP/ s'FlhPsf] cj:yfdf ePsLn] ubf{ pgn] lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sL k|d'v rl/q ;sda/Ldf cfˆg} rl/qsf] k|ltR5fof b]v]sf] lyOg\ . ;sda/Lsf] rl/qdf cfkm}nfO{ w]/yf]/ ptfg]{ sfd u/]sL lyOg\, To;}n] ;sda/L ;zQm rl/q aGg k'u]sf] ljrf/ w]/} ljZn]ifs ;dfnf]rssf] 5 .[29]

       ;sda/Lsf] t'ngfdf dxQfxLg pkGof;sL lzofsf] rl/q a9L lj;ª\ut 5 . lzofdf ;sda/Lsf] h:tf] cl:tTjjfbL r]tgf 5}g . p;sf] ¿k / u'0f klg cfsif{s 5}g, hLjg klg lg/y{s 5, d"NoxLg 5 . j]Zofj[lQdf nfu]/ s'¿k hLjg ljtfPsL 5 . To;}n] ;sda/LeGbf klg dxflj;ª\ut hLjg lzofn] ef]u]sL 5 .

       a}+;sf] dfG5] sL Zofdf] klg dxQfxLgsL lzof h:t} ultxLg / czQm rl/qsL 5] . p;sf] hLjg lj;ª\ut / gf/sLo ag]sf] 5 . p;sf] rl/qaf6 lj;ËltjfbL lrGtg, gfª\uf] ;Def]u / dfgl;s ljs[lt;Fu ;DalGwt of}gjfbL k|mfo8\jfbL wf/0ff;d]t k|ltlalDat ePsf] 5 .[30]

       clgbf] kxf8;Fu} sL ;'jfgL a9L ;zQm / ;lqmo b]lvG5] . pm k|ultjfbL sf]0faf6 x]bf{ a9L k|ultzLn b]lvPsL 5 .

       p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] sL uª\uf cfˆgf] kfv'l/sf sdfOdf ljZjf; ug]{ kf}/vL, :jfledfgL / sd{zLn rl/q xf] . cfkm"n] lbg/ft sfd u/]/ klg e"ldut hLjg latfpFb} qmflGt dfu{df nfu]sf] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ uª\uf kvf{nleq / aflx/ sL af6'nLs} xf/fxf/Ldf pleg ;Sg] rl/q ePsf] s'/f cfrfo{ JoQm ub{5g\ .

       cGtd'{vL pkGof;sL ;/nfsf] hLjg kL8f / ;ª\3if{n] el/Psf] 5 . pm cfˆgf] cl:tTj / cl:dtf hf]ufpg ;ª\3if{/t b]lvG5] t/ p;df cl:tTjaf]wsf ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs ;r]tgf klg 5 .

       kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ sL laHhL gf/L pTkL8gsf] s'¿k tyf ljb|'k oyfy{nfO{ b]vfpg] sdhf]/, lg/Lx tyf k/flht kfq xf] . ;ª\3if{sf b[li6n] sft/, sdhf]/ / c;r]t kfq xf] .

       af]gL r]tgf / ;lqmotfsf b[li6n] sdhf]/ kfq xf] . pm laHhLeGbf lzlIft eP tfklg v/fa afgLsf sf/0f lalu|PsL / cfTdxTof ug]{ sft/ / knfogjfbL kfq ePsf] cfrfo{sf] ts{ 5 .

       tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ sL …dÚ kfq ;an b]lvG5] . p;n] ;fy{s hLjgsf] vf]hL u/L cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] rfxgf /fv]sL 5 . ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] rfxgf /fVb} ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;ª\ul7t ¿kdf ;lqmo x'g'k5{ eGg] r]tgf p;df ePsf] cfrfo{ bfjf ub{5g\ .

#=@=!=@@ nLnfw/ 1jfnL

       nLnfw/ 1jfnLn] kfl/hftsf k|ultjfbL pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f -@)^@_ df kfl/hftsf pkGof;df kfOg] k|ultjfbL lrGtgsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ pkGof;df lgDg ju{sf g]kfnLsf] lg/Lxtf / bogLotfsf] lrq0f, s]xL af7f egfpFbfx¿sf] Jojxfl/stf ljgfsf] kmf];|f] cf}kb]lzstf, wfld{s cgf:yf, lxGb' wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] lj/f]w Pjd\ hftLo ;dfgtfsf] cfjZostfaf]w syfgssf] ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 .

       o; pkGof;df o'jtLsf] dfS;{jfbL j}rfl/s k|ltj4tf ljgfsf] ljb|f]xL :j/n] pkGof;df JolQmjfbL b':;fx;sf] ;Demgf u/fpF5 . JolQmjfbL b':;fx;jfbsf sf/0fn] ubf{ oxfF juL{o åGå ;zQm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oxL ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ;j{xf/fjfbL juL{o åGån] pkGof; sdhf]/ 5 .

       cGtd'{vL df ;/nfsf] rl/qfª\sgaf6 gf/LjfbL r]t, ;fdflhs cGwljZjf; / ljs[ltdfly cfqmf]z JoQm ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;d/sf] lrqfª\sgaf6 dfS;{jfbL ;f}Gbo{zf:q;DaGwL k|ultjfbL lrGtgnfO{ cleJoQm u/]sf] 1jfnLsf] ts{ 5 .

       p;n] /fh]sf] af6f] df ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL ljrf/ wf/fnfO{ ljleGg kfq, lqmofsnfk / 36gf;Gbe{sf dfWodaf6 gf6sLs/0f u/L snfTdstfsf ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ux|f}+ dfS;{jfbL bz{gnfO{ r/Kk} ;dft]sf] eP klg Tof] gf/fut ¿kdf cf}kb]lzs gePsf] x'Fbf kf7s cf–cfˆgf] :jefj cg';f/ 5'§f5'§} dgf]efjgf u|x0f ug{ :jtGq 5g\ .[31]

       kvf{nleq / aflx/ pkGof; ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfblt/ pGd'v /rgf xf] . pu|jfb / blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbsf] lj/f]w, gofF j}jflxs ;+:sf/k|ltsf] cfsif{0f, ;zQm juL{o åGåsf] lrq0f / qmflGtsf/L cfzfjflbtf pkGof;sf ljz]iftf ePsf] s'/f 1jfnL atfpF5g\ .

       clgbf] kxf8;Fu} cGo pkGof;sf t'ngfdf ;zQm 5 . ;fdGtL zf;g Joj:yfsf] lj/f]w, qmflGtk|ltsf] b[9 cf:yf, kfZrfTo a'h'{jf ;+:s[ltsf] e08fkmf]/, eljiok|ltsf] cfzfjfbL :j/ / qmflGtsf/L gjlgdf{0fsf] cfjZostfaf]wh:tf k|ultjfbL tTj o; pkGof;df cGtlg{lxt 5 .

       kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ df dfS;{jfbL k|lta4tfeGbf klg lubf]{ dfgjtfjfbsf] lvNnL p8fP/ gf/L cl:dtfsf] k|ZgnfO{ 68\sf/f] ¿kdf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfb cGtu{t gf/LjfbL r]tsf sf]0faf6 o;sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ plrt x'G5 .

       af]gL pkGof;df cfˆgf] af}l4s rfknfO{ j}rfl/s ;'ema'emsf;fy gjLg z}nL / ;+/rgf ckgfP/ ljleGg snfTds ¿k lbg] sfd kfl/hftn] u/]sL 5g\ . o; pkGof;df pgn] gjr]tgfjfbL z}nL ckgfPsf] 1jfnLsf] bfjL 5 .

    o; cjlw -lj=;+= @)%)–@)^@_ df ePsf tf/fsfGt kf08]o, uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, bLks uf}td, 1fg' kf08]sf ljBfjfl/lw zf]wx¿df cf+lzs ¿kdf kfl/hftsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . tf/fsfGt kf08]on] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf cleJol~ht oyfy{ ljBfjfl/lw zf]wdf @)#^–)$% sf cjlwdf k|sflzt k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] rrf{ ug]{ qmddf kfl/hftsf s]xL sljtfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . uf]kLGb| kf}8]nn] k|ultjfbL g]kfnL syfsf k+j[lQ ljBfjfl/lw zf]wdf kfl/hftsf cl3Nnf] r/0fsf s]xL syf / pQ/f4{ r/0fsf syfdf ;dfhaf]w ju{af]w hLjgaf]w ePsf] lgZsif{ lgsfNg'sf] ;fy} kfl/hftsf] j}rfl/s b[li6sf]0f :ki6 /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . bLks uf}tdn] ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL g]kfnL syfsf k|j[lQx¿ df kl5Nnf r/0fsf s]xL syfx¿sf] ;+IfLKt l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ . 1fg' kf08]n] ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;df cl:tTjjfb df kfl/hftsf lz/Lifsf] km"n / dxQfxLg df kfOg] cl:tTjjfbL k|j[lQsf] rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       ejfgLk|;fb kf08]osf] kfl/hftsf pkGof;df ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfb kfl/hft;DaGwL ePsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ljBfjfl/lw zf]w xf] . o;df kfl/hftsf ljleGg n]vg k|j[lQsf] rrf{ ug{'sf] ;fy} pkGof;x¿df kfOg] ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL lrGtgsf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL pkGof; ePsf], kvf{nleq / aflx/ df ju{åGåsf] lrq0f ePsf] / clgbf] kxf8;Fu} kfl/hftsf] pkGof; n]vgsf] k|flKt /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       kzfsfGt yfkf …>LifÚ n] :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog df o; pkGof;df lg/fzf / knfogd'vL ;f]r k|bfg u/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ eg] z+s/ k/fh'nLn] cg'/fwf, ;'lDgdf / lz/Lifsf] km"nsf] t'ngfTds cWoog df tLgj6} pkGof;sf ;dfgtf / c;dfgtfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] tL pkGof;x¿ ;/n syfgs ePsf dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds, ;f+:s[lts / cl:tTjjfbL ePsf] ;fy} b[ZofTds / j0f{gfTds k4lt b]vf k/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       d+unf yfkf, rGb|dfg >]i7 / dL7f/fd yfkfn] p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] af/]df :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w ;DkGg u/]sf] kfOG5 . d+unf yfkfn] pkGof;df sf}t'xntf gePsf], 1fgaxfb'/df kof{Kt r]tgf gePsf]n] ;+jfbdf Tof] k|s6 gePsf] atfPsL 5g\ . Tolt eP tfklg ;ª\3if{ eg] lqmofzLn ePsf] pgsf] ts{ 5 . rGb|dfg >]i7 p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;n] dhb'/sf] >dr]tgf yk]/ g]kfnL pkGof;nfO{ gofF ljifoj:t' lbPsf] atfpF5g\ . ;j{xf/f ju{sf] d'lQmsf nflu o'4 cfjZos 5 eGg] ;f/j:t' /xsf] o; pkGof;df cf}kGofl;s ;LdfeGbf aflx/ uP/ 36gfsf] j0f{g / JofVof ul/Psf] >]i7 bfjf u5{g\ . dL7f/fd yfkf p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;df /fhgLlts qmflGtsf] pHofnf] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf], k|ultjfbL lrGtg cfPsf] ;fy} gf/L kfqsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       lbgdl0f cfrfo{ / k|e'/fd cfrfo{n] clgbf] kxf8;Fu} pkGof; af/]df :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w ;DkGg u/]sf] kfOG5 . lbgdl0f cfrfo{n] kfl/hftsf cGo pkGof;sf] ;fk]Iftfdf pTs[i6 ePsf] of] pkGof;n] @)#%÷)#^ ;fnsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] k[i7e"lddf tTsfnLg ;dfhsf] ju{;ª\3if{ b]vfpg'sf ;fy} ju{;ª\3if{sf] clgjfo{tf b]vfPsf] atfPsf 5g\ . k|e'/fd cfrfo{ zLif{s k|ltsfTds ePsf] o; pkGof;n] hgtfsf] d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] syf af]s]sf] bfjf u5{g\ .

       cDa'ejfgL sfsL{n] kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tf df kfl/hftsf] syf n]vgsf r/0f 5'§fPsL 5g\ . klxnf] r/0f cl:tTjjfbLeGbf lj+ultjfbL / bf];|f] r/0f dfS;{jfbL ePsf] pgsf] ts{ 5 . e}/jk|;fb u]nfnsf] slj kfl/hftsf] sljTjsf] cWoog, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg kfl/hftsf] sljtf ;DaGwdf dxŒjk"0f{ zf]w xf] . cfsf+Iff df :jR5GbtfjfbL, kfl/hftsf sljtf df cl:tTjjfbL–lj+ultjfbL Pjd\ a}+;fn' jt{dfg df ;dfhs]Gb|Lt, kl/jt{gd"vL lrGtg cfPsf] u]nfnsf] bfjf 5 . /d]zrGb| /f]sfn] kfl/hftsf cGo ljwfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog df kfl/hftsf cfTd;+:d/0fdf pgsf] hLjgsf] ljleGg If0fx¿ kl/is[t efiffz}nL / snfTds afGsLdf k|:t't ePsf] / pgsf kqdf cleJolQmsf] ;xhtf / efiffz}nLsf] pTs[i6tf cfPsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] s[ltTjsf] af/]df :gfQsf]Q/ txsf] zf]w ug]{ qmddf xl/x/ rfkfufO{FFn] kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog df snfTds d"Nosf b[li6n] pRr o; pkGof;n] cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{ af]s]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . vu]Gb| hf]zLn] cGtd'{vL pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog df cfGtl/s åGå k|jn ePsf] o; pkGof;df lg/fzf / cfzfaLr åGå /x]sf] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ . pkGof;df k|ultjfb blaPsf] / cl:tTjjfb ;txdf cfPsf] hf]zLsf] ts{ 5 .

       /fhg e§/fO{n] kfl/hftsf pkGof;df cleJoQm lj;ËltjfbL cl:tTjsf] lrGtg zLif{sdf :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf lz/Lifsf] km"n / dxQfxLg JolQms]Gb|t rl/q ePsf / hLjgsf] lg/y{stf, knfot, z"Gotfaf]w af]Sg] pgsf] ts{ 5 . a}+;sf] dfG5] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg s[lt ePsf] e§/fO{ atfpF5g\ . To:t} nLnfw/ 1jfnLn] kfl/hftsf k|ultjfbL pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f, p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f], kvf{nleq / aflx/ / clgbf] kxf8;Fu} df k|ultjfbL lrGtg cfPsf] atfpF5g\ . tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ df JolQmjfbL b':;fx; cfPsf] / kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ / af]gL df gf/LjfbL r]tgf cfPsf] pgsf] bfjf 5 . k'iknfn cfrfo{n] kfl/hftsf pkGof;sf gf/L kfqx¿ df k|f/Desf pkGof;sf gf/L kfq cl:tTjxLg, ?U0f, c/fhs ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . kl5Nnf pkGof;df kl/jt{gsf] ;f]r cfP tfklg kl5Nnf b'O{ s[ltdf eg] ljrng cfPsf] pgsf] ts{ 5 .

lagf sfsL{n] kfl/hftsf] uBsfl/tf zLif{ssf] :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wdf kfl/hftsf] pkGof;nfO{ cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL / k|ultjfbL u/]/ tLg efudf ljefhg u/]sL 5g\ . pgsf lgaGwdf gf/L cl:dtf / ;+:d/0fdf kl/is[t efiffz}nL / snfTds afGsL k|:t't ePsf] pgsf] ts{ 5 . kfl/hftsf cGo uB /rgfsf] t'ngfdf pkGof; a9L ;zQm ePsf] pgsf] bfjf 5 . afa'/fd zdf{ …x]dGtÚ n] g]kfnL ;flxTodf /fNkmf cfGbf]ngdf kfl/hftsf] /fNkmfsfnLg lrGtg Pjd\ n]vgsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

kfl/hftsf ;DaGwdf ePsf ljBfjfl/lw Pjd\ :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wdf kfl/hftsf] pkGof;sfl/tfsf] af/]df a9L rrf{ Pjd\ ljZn]if0f ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm zf]wx¿df kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL lrGtg af]Sg] pkGof;sf] a9L rrf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . cGo pkGof;df lg/fzf, s'07f, knfog cfPsf] zf]wfyL{x¿sf] b[9 dt /x]sf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf] sljtf, syf, lgaGw, cfTd;+:d/0fdf pkGof;eGbf yf]/} zf]w ePsf] / tL zf]wx¿df kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL lrGtgsf] a9L rrf{ ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} kfl/hftsf] /fNkmfnL lrGtgsf] af/]df zf]w ePsf] kfOG5 . /fNkmfsfndf kfl/hftsf] ;f]r Pjd\ n]vgsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oL ;dLIffTds cg';Gwfgn] kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL b[li6sf]0f ;zQm / ;Ifd /x]sf] k|df0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@ k':tsx¿

       o; pkzLif{s cGtu{t ;dfnf]rs÷;|i6fx¿n] kfl/hftsf] JolQmTj Pjd\ s[ltTj ;DaGwdf k|sflzt u/fPsf ;dLIff, l6Kk0fL, ;dfnf]rgf Pjd\ ;+:d/0f;Fu ;DalGwt cWoognfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

#=@=@=! r"8fdl0f /]UdL

      r"8fdl0f /]UdLn] kfl/hftM kl/ro / d"Nofª\sg -@)%) df3_ s[ltdf kfl/hftsf] kl/rosf ;fy} pgsf] JolQmTj, s[ltsf] d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       o; s[ltdf kfl/hftsf] hLjg Pjd\ n]vgsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg n]vx¿ ;ª\u|lxt 5g\ . …kfl/hft hGd]sf] ;fnÚ gfds n]vdf kfl/hftsf] hGdsf] af/]df p7sf ljjfbx¿ / ;f] ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . …kfl/hftsf 5l/Psf ljrf/Ú gfds n]vdf ljleGg ljifodf kfl/hftsf b[li6sf]0fnfO{ cl3 ;fl/Psf] kfOG5 . …;dfnf]rgfaf/] kfl/hftsf l6Kk0fLÚ df ;dfnf]rgf If]q Pjd\ ;dfnf]rssf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;dodf kfl/hftåf/f cleJoQm l6Kk0fLnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

       …ljleGg pkGof;af/] kfl/hftsf cleJolQmÚ / …ljljw ljifodf kfl/hftsf b[li6sf]0fÚ kfl/hftsf ljrf/x¿nfO{ cleJoQm ug]{ n]vx¿ x'g\ . oL n]vdf kfl/hftsf] n]vg / hLjg;DaGwL ljljw ljrf/nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

       …kfl/hftsf syfx¿sf] d"Nofª\sgÚ ljleGg n]vsx¿ Pjd\ kfl/hft :jod\åf/f pgsf syfsf af/]df ul/Psf b[li6sf]0fsf] ;+ufnf] xf] . …lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf kfl/hftsf] d"Nofª\sgÚ df kfl/hftsf lgaGwx¿sf af/]df ljleGg ljåfgx¿sf wf/0ff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pgsf lgaGwsf ;dLIffsf cfwf/df kfl/hftsf :jefj / rl/qsf ljlzi6 kIf 5n{ª\u x'g] / pgL qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ wf/faf6 k|]l/t, gf/L d'lQmsf nflu lrGtgzLn, sd{7 ;flxTosf/ ePsf] s'/f /]UdLn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       lz/Lifsf] km"n af/] ljleGg k|ltlqmofdf ljleGg ljåfgx¿sf wf/0ff lbOUPsf] 5 eg] a}+;fn' jt{dfg / kfl/hftsf tLg sljtfdf pgsf /rgfsf] ;dLIff kl/Psf] kfOG5 .

       lj=;+= @)%& df r'8fdl0f /]UdLn] afO; ;dfnf]rgf gfds s[ltdf …au/df kfl/hftÚ gfds n]v k|sflzt u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] n]vdf au/df kfl/hftsf s] s:tf n]v / /rgfx¿ 5flkP, To;sf] af/]df rrf{ ug'{sf] ;fy} c;xh cj:yfdf klg cfˆgf] ljrf/k|lt k|lta4 ;|i6f kfl/hftsf] k|z+;f ul/Psf] 5 .

       lj=;++ @)%( df r'8fdl0f /]UdLn] lrGtg / ;dfnf]rgf gfds s[ltdf kfl/hftsf lgaGwx¿sf] ljj/0ffTds d"Nofª\sg gfds /rgf k|sflzt u/fPsf] kfOG5 . o; n]vdf kfl/hftsf] lgaGw / To;sf] af/]df rrf{ ug]{ ljåfgx¿sf] af/]df n]lvPsf] kfOG5 .

     पारिजातको प्रशंसा गर्दै रेग्मीले पारिजातका आत्मसंस्मरणले देवकोटा र शंकर लामिछानेका निबन्धको उच्चता छोएको चर्चा गर्नुका साथै पारिजातका संस्मरण छोटा, मीठा र मार्मिक भएको टिप्पणी गरेका छन् ।

      lj=;+= @)#* b]lv @)$^ ;Dd k|sflzt n]vx¿sf] ljj/0f lbg'sf] ;fy} kfl/hftsf lgaGwfTds k|j[lQsf];d]t pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf lgaGwdf gf/L cl:dtf, zf]if0f, bdg, cGofo / cTofrf/ lj?4 ;ª\3if{ ug]{ tyf gf/L clwsf/sf nflu n8\g] r]tgf kfOG5 .[1]

       z+s/ nfld5fg]sf] o'usf sltko s'/fsf] k|efj kfl/hftdf /x] klg kfl/hft z+s/ nfld5fg] cyf{t\ k|of]uzLn–cl:tTjjfbL tyf lj;ËltjfbLsf] o'u ;dfKt ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ k'lug\ . o;n] kfl/hftsf] n]vgz}nL tyf ljrf/ k|i6Ls/0fn] gofF o'udf k;]sL kfl/hftsf] ljlzi6 ¿k 5n{ª\u kfg]{ cledt pgn] cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

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[1] r"8fdl0f /]UdL, lrGtg / ;dfnf]rgf, -emfkfM h'xL k|sfzg, @)%(_, k[= *) . 

#=@=@=@ nlnhg /fjn

       nlnhg /fjnn] g]kfnL ;flxTo u'7Låf/f lj=;+= @)%) df kfl/hftsf] d[To'kZrft k|sflzt a}+;fn' jt{dfg sljtf;ª\u|xdf kfl/hftsf] sljtf ofqf zLif{ssf] e"ldsfdf kfl/hftsf] sljtf ofqf, pgsf sljtf n]vgsf k|j[lQx¿sf ;fy} a}+;fn' jt{dfg s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .

       hLjgel/ cfˆgf] cfbz{ / O{dfg lj?4 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;Demf}tf slxNo} gu/L Pp6f h'emf? / ;ª\3if{zLn JolQmTjsL wgL /xg' ePsL kfl/hftsf sljtfx¿df pxfFsf] JolQmTj;d]t emNsG5 . ;'?df cl:tTjjfbL lrGtg k|0ffnLnfO{ cFufNg' x'g] kfl/hftn] kl5 uP/ dfgj sNof0fsf lglDt dfS;{jfbeGbf j}1flgs / Jojxfl/s bz{g ;+;f/df s]xL 5}g eGg] 7f]s'jf ug'{ ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] ;dosf /rgfx¿ cl:tTjjfbL r]tgfn] clåtLo dflgG5g\ eg] kl5Nnf] ;dodf pxfFsf /rgfx¿ k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf kmfF6df ;jf{lws rlr{t / nf]slk|o /x]sf 5g\ .[33]

       lj=;+= @)!$ df k|sflzt cfsf+Iff pxfFsf] k|f/lDes n]vgsf] b:tfj]h xf] . o;df ev{/sL o'jtLsf dfg;df p7\g] cfzf, lg/fzf, k|]d, lj/xh:tf efjx¿ / of}jgsf ;kgfx¿ sljtfsf ljifo ag]sf 5g\ . lj=;+= @)!^ b]lv @)@^÷@& ;Dd n]lvPsf pxfFsf sljtfx¿ kfl/hftsf sljtf -;+= O{Zj/ a/fn_ df ;ª\slnt 5g\ . hLjgnfO{ d"ntM lj;ª\ut / lg:;f/ b]Vg] tTsfnLg kfl/hftdf cl:tTjjfbL lrGtg g} d"n ¿kdf kfOG5 .

       lj=;+= @)#^ b]lv @)$( ;Dd n]lvPsf kfl/hftsf sljtfx¿ a}+;fn' jt{dfg df kfOG5g\ . kfl/hftn] sljtfdf k"0f{ prfO{ o;} ;ª\u|xaf6 k|fKt ug'{ ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ hLjgnfO{ ;+ultk"0f{ b]Vg], pHofnf kIfx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ / hLjgnfO{ ;f/do b]Vg] sfd oL sljtfn] u/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . oL sljtfx¿ kfl/hftsf k'/fgf sljtfeGbf 7Ls ljkl/t ;f]rsf ePsf]df pgn] hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .

       ;Dk"0f{ lsl;dsf] zf]if0f, pTkLbg / cGofosf lj?4 kfl/hftsf sljtf plePsf 5g\ . gofF–gofF lsl;dsf] k|tLs / laDasf] k|of]u u/L ;xh ¿kdf cfˆgf efjgf k|s6 ug]{ kfl/hftsf sljtfdf ;dfhdf gf/Ln] ef]Ug' k/]sf kL8fx¿ / gf/Lsf] ef]ufO cfPsf] kfOG5 . gf/Ldfly k'?ifju{n] ug]{ cTofrf/nfO{ kfl/hftn] ;Dk"0f{ k'?if ju{k|lt gsf/fTds efj km}nfpg] lx;fan] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . hLjgsf] rqm gf/L / k'?if b'j}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutfaf6 rNg] / b'j}n] Ps csf{sf] ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf kfl/hftsf] ljZjf; kfOG5 .

       kfl/hftsf sljtfdf sNkgf zlQmsf] k|of]u kfOG5 . syfgsnfO{ klg sfJo k|ljlwx¿n] l;Fuf/]/ sNkgf zlQmsf cfwf/df ;'Gb/ sljtfsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] 5 .[34]

       kl/jt{g / ;ª\3if{;Fu ;Fw} hf]l8g' ePsL kfl/hft d"ntM ;fdflhs ;ª\3if{sf] slj x'g'x'G5 . cfTd;Ddfgsf] ;ª\3if{, dfgj d'lQm ;ª\3if{ / ju{ ;ª\3if{ pxfFsf sljtfdf JoQm ePsf 5g\ . ax';+Vos dflg;sf] lxtsf lglDt pxfFdf lglxt juL{o b[li6sf]0fn] pxfFsf sljtfnfO{ k|f0f lbPsf 5g\ .[35]

       kfl/hftn] ;'Gb/ z}nL / ;f}Gbo{ r]tgfnfO{ slxNo} g5f]8]sf] k|;+u pNn]v ub}{ pgsf sljtfdf ;fdflhs oyfy{;Fu hf]l8Psf] cfTdk/stf klg kfOg] k|;+u pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf sljtfx¿ ;fdflhs kl/jt{g, ;dfgtf / dfgj sNof0fsf lglDt j}rfl/s k|lta4tf / ;f}Gbo{sf ;Dk"0f{ tŒjx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf]n] ;fy{s / hLjgd'vL eP/ ;Dk|]if0fLo ePsf] cledt k|s6 ub}{ g]kfnL sljtfdf k/Dk/fdf l/dfn, e"lk cflb slj kl5 kfl/hftsf] gfpF cem ;Ddfg;fy lngsf nflu k|:t't;ª\u|x a}+;fn' jt{dfg n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgefpg] ljZjf;;d]t k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@=# 36/fh e§/fO{

       36/fh e§/fO{n] g]kfnL ;flxTosf/ kl/ro sf]if -@)%!_ df kfl/hftsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro lbg'sf] ;fy} pgsf n]vg k|j[lQsf];d]t rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .

       bflh{lª\sf] lnª\luof lrofsdfgdf hGd]sL lji0f's'df/L jfOaf sf7df8f}+ cfP/ kb\dsGof SofDk;df :gfts;Ddsf] cWoog ul5{g\ . ;flxTo ;fwgfdf nfu]/ dbg k'/:sf/ -kfpFl5g\_ /fNkmfsf] hdft v8f u/]/ jf gf6s b]vfP/ g]kfnL ;flxTodf /fd|f] of]ubfg lblG5g\ .[36]

       e§/fO{n] kfl/hftsf !! j6f s[ltsf] gfd pNn]v ug'{sf] ;fy} cem cGo s[lt k|sflzt x'g afFsL /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL lrGtg kfOg] kfl/hftsf] snd syf, sljtf / lgaGwdf a9L ;zQm ePsf] bzf{Psf 5g\ .

#=@=@=$ lgg' rfkfufO{“

       lgg' rfkfufO{Fn] oyfy{jfbL /rgf b[li6 / ljj]rgf -@)%!_ df ;xL d"Nosf] vf]hLdf kfl/hft n]vdf kfl/hftdf cfPsf j}rfl/s kl/jt{gsf k|j[lQ Pjd\ df]8x¿sf] ;"Id lnZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hft;Fu cfkm"n] nfdf] ;do ;ª\ut u/]sf k|;+ux¿ lgg'n] cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . cK7\of/f lbgx¿df;Fu} /x]/ sfd u/]sf], kf6L{ sfddf ;lqmo ePsf], cl:tTjjfbaf6 dfS;{jfbtkm{ pGd'v ePsf], /rgfsf kf08'lnlksf ;Dkfbgdf ;/;xof]u u/]sf ;'vb :d[ltsf ;fy} j}rfl/s dte]bsf sf/0f kqklqsfdf ul/Psf cfnf]rgf k|Tofnf]rgfsf k|;+ux¿ cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

lz/Lifsf] km"n k|fKt u/]kl5sf lbgdf kfl/hftsf] /fNkmf;Fu cfa4 ePsf]df sltko ljåfgx¿n] o;nfO{ ;flxlTos cfGbf]ngsf ¿kdf dfq rrf{ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\, ha ls /fNkmfsf] p7fglaGb' eg] ;ª\uLt / uLtaf6 ePsf] lyof] . /fNkmfsf] ;'?sf] cj:yf / lqmofzLntfdf ;ª\uLt k|d'v lyof] / rf/hgf ufosx¿ la6N;em} d~rdf b]vf k/]sf lyP .[37]

      राल्फामा समावेश भएका प्रतिभाशाली युवाहरू मध्यमवर्गीय यथार्थसित बढी परिचित र पीडित थिए । उनीहरू सबैमा अन्यापूर्ण समाजप्रति तीव्र आक्रोश थियो । समान रूपमा सबैलाई समान रूपमा बाँच्ने अधिकार हुनुपर्दछ, सबैले समान रूपमा आर्थिक समानताको अवसर पाउनुपर्छ भन्ने तीव्र आकांक्षा थियो र उनीहरू कसैमाथि पनि अन्याय र अत्याचार नहोस् चाहन्थे । यति हुँदा–हुँदै पनि आफूले कल्पना गरेको आदर्श कसरी पाउन सकिन्छ, त्यसबारेमा स्पष्ट र सुसंगत विचार नभएको चर्चा गर्दै व्यक्तिगत विद्रोह र उग्र व्यक्तिवाद, अस्तित्ववादका साथै परम्परा र इतिहासप्रति विरोध, यौन स्वतन्त्रताको उदण्ड चाहना भएको कुरा चापागाइँले दावा गरेका छन् ।

        kfl/hftdf ;fg}b]lv lj/f]wL k|j[lQ /x]sf], kfl/jfl/s cg'zf;g eTsfpg], cfkm" v';L afFRg] k|j[lQ /x]sf]tkm{ Oª\lut ub}{ afa'sf] OR5f ljkl/t kfl/hft ;flxTosf/ ag]sf] / g]kfnL ;flxTodf rlr{t ag]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       ;fg}b]lv kfl/hftdf /x]sf] cef}lts tŒjk|ltsf] cgf:yf, cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] s'/fk|lt 7"nf] OdfGbf/L, gf/L x'g'sf] kL8f, lylrPsf] hfltut cj:yf / ;fg}b]lv k/]sf] a'4bz{gsf sltko ;sf/fTds tŒjx¿sf] k|efjn] klg pxfFnfO{ oxfF;Dd Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

       lj=;+= @)!(–@) / @! sf lbgx¿ kfl/hftsf lglDt zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s oftgfsf si6k|b lbgx¿ lyP . 3f]/ lg/fzf, lg/y{stf / lj;Ëltaf]w x'g'df cfˆg} dfgl;s hl6ntfx¿ s]xL xb;Dd pQ/bfoL /x]sf] kfl/hftsf] cfˆg} klg d"Nofª\sg ePsf] s'/f pgn] p7fPsf 5g\ . kfl/hftdf cfPsf] r/d dfgj lj/f]wL ljrf/ / lg:;f/tfsf] 5fk lz/Lifsf] km"n, cflbd b]z, dxQfxLg, To; cjlwsf sljtf / ;8s / k|ltef sf s]xL syfx¿df k/]sf] 5 . j}olQms hLjgdf dfq xf]Og, ljZjo'4 ;Gqf;kl5 o'/f]ksf s]xL a'l4hLjLx¿df cfPsf] lg:;f/tfjfbL lrGtg / To;n] ljZjdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] 5fk pgdf lyof] . g]kfnL ;flxTodf c¿n] klg oxL lrGtg k|;fl/t ub}{ lyP eg]/ lgg'n] cledt hfx]/ u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftdf gofF rLhk|lt cfsif{0f / k|ltef vf]Hg] / k|ltef k'hf ug]{ JolQm ePsf]n] kfl/hftn] k'/fgf] cfˆgf] hdft 5f]8L gofF k|ltef;Fusf] ;xsfo{ yfNg' eof] . /fNkmfdf pxfFsf] lqmofzLntf o;}sf] kl/0ffd lyof] .

       /fNkmf x'Fb} dfS;{jfb–n]lngjfbdf k|j]z u/]sL kfl/hft / pgsf] ldqd08nL leotgfddf xTof ul/Psf ljZj rlr{t r] Ujef/f / pgn] n]v]sf s[ltx¿ So'afnL qmflGtsf/L o'4sf ;+:d/0fx¿, r] Ujfef/fsf] 8fo/L af6 k|efljt ePsf] s'/f lgg'n] p7fPsf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftn] lgSof}{n u/]sf] hLjgsf] ;xL d"Nosf cleJolQm lz/Lifsf] km"n, cflbd b]z, dxQfxLg geP/ clgbf] kxf8;Fu}, tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿, kvf{nleq / aflx/ ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfF;', a}+;fn' jt{dfg / jwzfnf hfFbf cfpFbf g} x'g\ . kfl/hftnfO{ lz/Lifsf] km"n / Toltv]/sf] pgsf] n]vgleq s}b ug'{ kfl/hftsf] cjd"Nog ug'{ / kfl/hftnfO{ g} cl:jsf/ ug'{ xf] . kfl/hftnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ rfxg]n] pgsf] qmflGtr]tk|lt klg ;Ddfg JoQm ug'{kg]{ b[li6sf]0f rfkfufO{Fn] cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@=% hob]j e§/fO{

       hob]j e§/fO{n] JolQmTj / zAblrq -@)%#_ gfds s[ltdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;]ljsf pTs[i6 uB n]lvsf gfds n]vdf kfl/hft;Fusf] e]63f6 / s'/fsfgLsf ;Gbe{df ePsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g\ .

       cfˆgf] klxnf] pkGof; lz/Lifsf] km"n af6 cTolws rlr{t aGg k'u]sL kfl/hft kl5Nnf pkGof;df Tolt pTs[i6 gePsf] ;'g]sf] ;Gbe{df ;f]Wbf kfl/hftn] lz/Lifsf] km"n eGbf klg pTs[i6 s[lt cfkm"n] lbPsf], tL s[ltx¿ rlr{t ePsf] / kf7sn] ?rfPsf] s'/f pNn]v ub}{ d]/f s[lt gk9\g]n] rnfPsf] xNnf ePsf] hjfkm lbPsf] atfPsf 5g\ . kfl/hftnfO{ w]/} k|sf/af6 lrGg ;lsg] / lzlIfsf, k|ltli7t pkGof;sf/, rlr{t syfsf/, sljlolq, ;+:d/0f n]lvsfsf] ¿kdf b]lvP klg d"n ¿kdf n]lvsfsf] ¿kdf lrGg ;lsg] dt /fv]sf 5g\ . slnn} pd]/df /f]un] ufFh] klg pgsf] sndnfO{ eg] s;}n] ufFHg g;s]sf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . cfkm" kfl/hftnfO{ e]6\g hfFbf Pp6f ;fwf/0f sf]7fdf /f]un] u|:6 eP/ knªdf al;/xg' ePsL kfl/hftnfO{ e]6]sf] k|;ª\u pNn]v ub}{ y'k|} /fhgLlt / ;flxTosf s[ltx¿ ToxfF /flvPsf] / ltgnfO{ lsGg ;lsg] atfPsf 5g\ .

       ;flxTo n]vgtkm{ s;/L k|:t't x'g'eof] < eGg] k|Zgsf] af/]df kfl/hftn] a'afn] ;fg}b]lv 8fS6/ agfpg] OR5f /fv]/ k7fpg' eP tfklg Hofb} ;fg} pd]/b]vL ;flxTosf] :jtGq cWoog ug]{ ?lrn] g} n]vgtkm{ bf]xf]¥ofPsf] hjfkm lbg' ePsf] eg]sf 5g\ .[38]

       kfl/hftsf s[ltdf /fhgLltsf] k|efj b]lvPsf] eGg] cf/f]ksf ;Gbe{df kfl/hftn] oL grflxg] s'/f x'g\ . /fhgLltdf ;flxTo x'G5, Tof] lagf ;flxTo x'Fb}g a? ;flxTodf gf/f x'g' gx'g] hjfkm lbPsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       g]kfnL ;flxTodf /fd|f ;dfnf]rs gePsf] / gk9L xr'jfsf] cfwf/df ltgn] k"jf{u|xL eP/ snd rnfpg] u/]sf] kL8f kfl/hftn] kf]v]sf] / Tof] ;dfnf]rsk|ltsf] :g]xL cfqmf]z ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .[39]

       g]kfnL ;flxTodf kfl/hftnfO{ x'g'kg]{ hlt ;Ddfg gePsf] / pgsf s[lt a]hf]8 ePsf]n] kfl/hftnfO{ lrGg pgsf s[lt k9]/ pgsf af/]df n]v]sf] cleJolQm e§/fO{n] lbPsf 5g\ .

       lj=;+= @)%$ ;fndf hob]j e§/fO{sf] ;Dkfbgdf g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fgaf6 k|sflzt ;flxTosf/ kl/ro / cleJolQm gfds kl/ro u|Gydf kfl/hftsf] kl/ro lbOg'sf ;fy} pgsf ;flxTo;DaGwL b[li6sf]0f klg lbOPsf] 5 . ;flxlTos gfd, hGd, lgwg, ;]jf, lzIff, e|d0f, ljwf, cGo, klxnf] /rgf, df}lns s[lt, ;Dkflbt cg'lbt / km'6s/ s[lt, dfg;Ddfg, k'/:sf/, kbs / 7]ufgf cflb a'Fbfdf kfl/hftsf] kl/ro ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 . To:t} dGtJo lzif{sdf kfl/hftsf b[li6sf]0f lbOPsf] 5 . ;flxTo qmdzM ljsl;t x'Fb} hfg], uBeGbf kB ;flxTosf] a9L ljsf; ePsf] ljrf/ kfl/hftn] kf]v]sL 5g\ . To:t} ;flxTo dfgj Oltxf;sf] pRr:tl/o / dlxdfzfnL cleJolQm ePsf] pNn]v u/]sL 5g\ .[40] dfgj dl:tis kbfy{x¿dWo] ;a}eGbf ;Dj]bgzLn ePsf] / j:t'ut hutaf6 o;df r]tgfsf] pTklt x'g], oxL r]tgfn] qmdzM ljsf; ub}{ hfG5 . ljsf;qmdsf] dfgj cleJolQm snfkIf ePsf]n] ;flxTo cfTdut eP klg j:t'ut hutsf] k|ltlaDa ePsf] cledt k|s6 u/]sL 5g\ .

#=@=@=^ tf/fsfGt kf08]o

       tf/fsfGt kf08]on] snf;flxTo, e"ldsf / d"Nofª\sg -@)%#_ df kfl/hftsf syfdf gf/L kfqM Ps cWoog gfd n]vdf kfl/hftsf syfsf gf/L kfqx¿sf] :jefj Pjd\ k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf syf k|foM lglZrt bz{g lnP/ k|:t't x'G5g\ / To:tf] bz{g k|foM pgsf kfqx¿af6} cleJoQm ePsf] x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ kfl/hftsf syf / ltgsf kfqx¿n] cl:tTjjfb, lj;Ëltjfb, of}gjfb / gf/Ljfb x'Fb} ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbsf] bz{gnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf b]lvG5g\ . pRr hLjgaf]w / oyfy{af]wsf b[li6sf] syfsf] d"Nofª\sg pgsf k|ultjfbL syfd} 68\sfl/Psf] cg'ej x'G5 .

       d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] kfl/hftsf] klxnf] syf dflgG5 . cl:tTjjfb, k|mfo8jfb / -dgf]ljZn]if0fjfb_ / gf/Ljfbsf] ;+o'Qm cleJolQmsf ¿kdf lgld{t o;} syfaf6 kfl/hftsf] syfofqf yflnG5 eg] cl:tTjjfb, lj;Ëltjfb, k|mfo8jfb / gf/Ljfb;d]ts} k|of]ujfbL cleJo~hgf k|fKt ug]{ pgsf afx| j6f syfx¿sf] ;ª\sngsf] ¿kdf @)@% df cflbd b]z syf;ª\u|x k|sflzt ePsf] s'/f kf08]on] cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

       cflbd b]z df cl:tTjjfbL r]tgf k|an ePsf] / @)@! b]lv @)@% ;Ddsf syfx¿ of] cjlwdf n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . @)@% kl5 kfl/hftdf /fNkmfnL k|efj b]vf kb{5 / pgdf ca ljb|f]x / of}g :jtGqtfh:tf k|j[lQx¿ lelqG5g\ . lj;Ëltaf]wn] tLj|tf k|fKt ub{5 . r/d lj;Ëltaf]wn] d[To'k"hs r]tgf;d]t cleJoQm ePsf] of] cjlw kfl/hftsf] syfofqfsf] bf];|f] r/0f dflgG5 .[41]

       @)@(–#) lt/af6 kfl/hftsf syfdf k|ultjfbL -dfS;{jfbL_ bz{gn] k|j]z kfpF5 eg] @)#@ kl5 pgsf /rgfdf kfqx¿sf] rog / k|:t'lt clg b[li6laGb'df k|of{Kt leGgtf / o'ufGt/ cfpF5 . ljifo, kfq / ltgsf] hLjgn] juL{o :kz{ k|fKt ub{5g\ . hLjg lj/f]wL bz{gaf6 qmdzM pRr hLjgd'vL, r]tgftkm{sf] ofqf kfl/hftsf] n]vgn] u/]sf] 5 . pgsf] qmlds j}rfl/s ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf] 5fk pgsf syfx¿df klg k/]sf 5g\ / ToxL cg'¿k pgsf gf/L kfqx¿sf] rog / k|:t'lt ePsf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf syfx¿df leGg–leGg j}rfl/s bfz{lgs w/ftn kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf syfofqfsf] klxnf] / bf];|f] r/0fsf syfdf cl:tTjjfbL lj;ËltjfbL /x]sf] 5 eg] tL syfdf k|:t't clwsf+z kfqx¿ oxL bz{gs} cleJo~hgfsf dfWod / k|jQmf ag]sf b]lvG5g\ eg]/ kf08]on] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ .

       dflg; :jod\ cfˆgf] lg0f{ostf{ / lgdf{0fstf{ xf] / s'g} klg lg0f{osf nflu pm :jtGq 5 eGg] r]tgf cl:tTjjfbsf] d"n dd{sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . kfl/hftsf sltko syfdf oxL bz{gsf] k|efj kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf s]xL syfdf lj;Ëltjfb lrGtg klg 68\sf/f] ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . pgsf sltko kfqx¿sf] l:ylt x]bf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] cfˆgf :j]R5fn] afFr]sf] hLjgeGbf klg pgLx¿ lj;Ëltr]tnfO{ cleJol~ht ul/lbg k|fof]lht hLjg afFr]sf 5g\ . o;sf/0f pgLx¿df hLlhljiffsf] cefj 5, ljb|f]x hGdg kfPsf] 5}g .

       /fNkmfsfnLg kfl/hftsf gf/L kfqx¿df 5f8f of}gjfbL k|j[lQ b]vf kb{5 . gf/L hflt / ;dfg ;dli6nfO{ dxfkftssf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{n] tTsfnLg oyfy{sf] s'g} k|ltlglwTj ub}{g . of] kmut 5f8f of}glrGtgsf] cleJolQm xf] . gf/LjfbL r]tgfn] klg kfl/hftsf syfdf 7fpF kfPsf] 5 . pgsf gf/LjfbL syfdf k'?if / k'?if ;dfhk|lt tLj| 3[0ff / Joª\Uo k|s6 ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To:tf syfdf gf/L kfqsf] pkl:ylt ToxL Joª\Uo / 3[0ffsf] cleJolQmsf lgldQ ePsf] s'/f pgn] bzf{Psf 5g\ .

       @)@(–#) lt/af6 kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL l;h{gfsf] o'u k|f/De x'G5 . o;kl5 @)$( ;Dd n]lvPsf pgsf k|ultjfbL syfx¿ cl3Nnf r/0fsf pgsf syfeGbf leGg efje"ld, kfq / hLjgbz{g lnP/ k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . o; o'usf syfdf ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL r]tgf s]Gb|o ¿kdf cleJoQm ePsf] 5 / gf/L kfqx¿ klg juL{o r]tgf k|fKt ul/;s]sf tyf k|ultzLn rl/q lnP/ k|:t't x'G5g\ . sltko gf/L kfqdf juL{o r]tgf gv'n] tfklg ltgn] juL{o :kz{ k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f kf08]o atfpF5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf k|ultjfbL syfsf gf/L kfqx¿df pRr hLjgaf]w 5 . pgLx¿ cl:tTjjfbL gf/L kfqem}+ lg/k]If ¿kdf k/kL8s b]Vg] / ljjfxnfO{ k/hLlj x'g] k|lqmof 7fGb}gg\ . clkt' j}jflxs ;DaGwnfO{ :jefljs ¿kdf lnP/ cem To;nfO{ juL{o k|]dsf] :kz{ lbg] k|of; u5{g\ .

       kfl/hftsf klxnf] r/0fsf gf/L kfqx¿ cToGt csd{0o, oyfy{ljd'v / d[To'k"hs b]lvG5g\ eg] kl5Nnf] k|ultjfbL r/0fsf gf/L kfqx¿ o'u;r]t, ju{;r]t, hLjgd'vL / lqmofzLn eGg] tYonfO{ kf08]on] cl3 ;f/]sf] kfOG5 .

       snf;flxToM e"ldsf / d"Nofª\sg s[ltdf tf/fsfGt kf08]osf] kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tf, d"No lg¿k0fsf] k|of; gfds ;dfnf]rgfTds n]v klg k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 .

       cflbd b]z leqsf syfdf dfG5]nfO{ ?U0ftf / ljs[ltsf] b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf x]l/Psf] 5 . cfhsf dfG5]nfO{ cy{xLg, gUg / cflbd ¿kdf x]g]{ w[i6tf u/]sf] 5 . dfG5] ;j{q gfª\uf] 5 / ;dfhdf gUgtf afx]s s]xL 5}g eGg] d"n sYosf] cleJolQm ul/Psf] 5 . l;ª\uf] ljZjnfO{ ?U0f, ckflxh b]Vg] kfl/hftdf d[To' r]tgf klg k|jn b]lvPsf] 5 . To;sf] k|ltlaDa pgsf s]xL syfx¿df kfOG5 . k|yd r/0fsf pgsf syfx¿df of}gs]lGb|t lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .

       @)@% b]lv @)#) sf] aLrsf syfx¿ ;8s / k|ltef syf;ª\u|xdf k/]sf 5g\ . of] cjlw kfl/hftsf] hLjgdf cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL r]tgf /lx/x]s} cj:yfsf] xf] . @)@% kl5 pgL /fNkmfnL ePsf] cjlw klg xf] . /fNkmfnL r]tgf cfkm}df 5'§} gofF dfGotf geP/ cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL r]tgf xf] / o;df dfS;{jfbsf] k|efj klg 5 . k"0f{t dfS;{jfbL eO{ g;s]sf] t/ ljb|f]xL r]tgfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] lrGtg /fNkmfnL lrGtg xf] .

       o; r/0fsf syfx¿ csyf x'g\ . k'?if kfqsf] ktgeGbf klg rsf]{ kfts l:ylt / rl/q pgn] pEofPsL 5g\ . ;fOgf] Uo|fg]6sf] 6'qmf;Fu syf o;}sf] pbfx/0f xf] . Pp6f j}olQms ck/fw jf s'07fu|:t dgf]bzfsf] kl/0ffdsf ¿kdf xf]Og kfl/hftn] ;fj{ef}d ¿kdf k'?if hfltdf dxfkfts rl/q /x]sf] b]vfP/ hLjgdf dxflj;Ëltsf] JoflKt b]vfPsf] s'/f kf08]on] bzf{Psf 5g\ .

       ;ª\u|xsf k|f/Dedf cl:tTjjfbL, lj;ËltjfbL x'Fb} of}gs]Gb|Lt syfx¿ n]Vg k'u]sL kfl/hftsf ;8s / k|ltef sf kl5Nnf syfx¿df oyfy{jfbL r]tgf / syfsf/sf] cfnf]rs b[li6 ck]Iffs[t /fd|/L k|s6 ePsf] kfOG5 . s'07f, ljsf/, c;ª\ult / d[To'af]w b]v]sL kfl/hftn] dfG5]nfO{ 3[l0ft, sfd's, cdof{lbt k|f0fL 7fGg k'lug\ . hLjgdf dxflj;Ëlt b]Vg] r]tgf, dfG5]nfO{ cl:tTjsf sf]0faf6 JofVof ug]{ r]tgf / oL b'j};Fu hf]l8Psf] of}gs]Gb|Lt r]tgf af]s]sf tLg y/L syfx¿ o; cjlwdf n]lvPsf] kfOG5 .

       lj=;+= @)#)–@)$) sf] b'O{ bzssf] cjlw kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tfsf] bf];|f] r/0f xf] . of] cjlw kfl/hftn] dfS;{jfbL r]tgfnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/;s]kl5 lgdf{0f ePsf] oyfy{jfbL syf l;h{gfsf] cjlw xf] . casf syfx¿df kfl/hftsf] lghfTdstf jf cfTdk/stf sd ePsf] 5 / kfq, 36gfjnL tyf ;du| syfj:t' j:t'k/s Pjd\ ;Dk|]if0fLo efiffdf JoQm x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . ;Dk|]if0fLotf;Fu} ;Dj]bgzLntf / k|efjsfl/tf klg cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfF;' leqsf syfx¿df w]/} syfx¿df k|ultjfbL hLjgb[li6 b]vf k/] klg s]xL syfx¿ eg] lkmtnf] ePsf] s'/f kf08]on] cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

       awzfnf hfFbf cfpFbf sf syfx¿df >dhLjL ju{, >dhLjLx¿sf] b'Mvb hLjg–k4lt / dflns jf k"FhLklt ju{af6 pgLx¿dfly, pgLx¿sf] v'g–kl;gfdfly x'g] zf]if0f / v]njf8sf] s6' oyfy{nfO{ ;Dj]bgzLn tl/sfn] k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfF;' sf t'ngfdf awzfnf hfFbf cfpFbf sf syfx¿df k|ultjfbL b[li6sf] ltVv/tf / l;h{gfTds pj{/tf kfOFb}g . kl5Nnf syfx¿df kfl/hft juL{o k|lta4tfaf6 pDsg vf]h]sf] kfOG5 . oL syfx¿df ;fdfGo ;fdflhs oyfy{ / lj;Ëlt Pjd\ kL8fsf] ;fdfGo sygd} pgsf] syfsfl/tf ;Lldt /x]sf] tkm{ pgn] ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@=& /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL

       /fh]Gb| ;'j]bLn] g]kfnL pkGof; M k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ -@)%#_ df g]kfnL pkGof;sf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmdsf ;fy} ;dsfnsf ljleGg wf/f Pjd\ k|j[lQx¿sf] uxg ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . cl:tTjjfbL k/Dk/f / g]kfnL pkGof;, ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL k/Dk/f / g]kfnL pkGof;, gjr]tgfd"ns pkGof;ut k|j[lQsf] JofVof o;df kfOG5 .

       lj;ËltjfbL k/Dk/f / g]kfnL pkGof; df lj;Ëltjfbsf] ljsl;t z[ª\vnf / pkGof;sf/ kfl/hft pkzLif{ssf] n]v /x]sf] kfOG5 . lj;ËltjfbL pkGof;sf] bf];|f] z[ª\vnfdf kfl/hftsf] gfd cfpg] pNn]v 5 . lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf lz/Lifsf] km"n k|sfzgdf cfof] . @)@% ;fndf k|sflzt dxQfxLg, @)@( df k|sflzt a}+;sf] dfG5] pkGof;n] kfl/hftnfO{ cl:tTjjfbL ;|i6fsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/lbP . oyfl:yltaf6 kfb'ef{j ePsf] cl:ttjjfb / lj;Ëltjfb kfl/hftsf] lz/Lifsf] km"n / dxQfxLg df b]vf k/]sf] 5 . lj;Ëltjfbsf] hLjgd"NonfO{ lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;n] tTsfnLg g]kfnL ;dfh / To; ;dfhsf] kl/l:yltdf hf]l8g cfPsf hl6ntfnfO{ k|s6 u/]sf] 5 . To; ;dosf] kl/j]z lj;Ëltaf6 u|l;t 5 / To;} lj;Ëltleq cfˆgf] cl:tTj vf]lh/x]5 eGg] s'/f lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;n] k'li6 u/]sf] s'/f n]vsn] atfPsf 5g\ . Psflt/ lhhLjLiffk|ltsf] ljt[i0ff / csf]{lt/ ljt[i0ffk|ltsf] df]x cflbsf l:yltn] hLjgsf k|fKtJox¿sf] ckjh{gkl5 klg dfG5] hLljt /lx/xG5 . o:tf] l:yltdf klg cToGt /dfOnf] kf/fn] lj;ª\ut hLjg afFlrlbG5 . dxQfxLg pkGof;n] oxL lj+ut l:yltnfO{ bzf{Psf] 5 .

       cl:tTjjfbL k/Dk/f / g]kfnL pkGof; zLif{s n]vdf lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] hLjgb[li6 gfd n]v /x]sf] 5 . lg:;f/tfd"ns lj;Ëlt g} o; pkGof;sf] hLjgb[li6 xf] . hLjg lj;Ëltsf] k'~h dfq ;flat ePsf] 5 . oxL lj;ËltnfO{ k|:t't pkGof;n] cl:tTj k|bfg u/]sf] hLjgb[li6 af]s]sf] 5 .[42]

       z"Gojfbsf] w/ftndf lgld{t pkGof; dxQfxLg df dxQfxLg pkGof;df cleJoQm hLjgbz{gnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . cfhsf] :jfoQ hLjg klg cfkm"leqsf] s'l07t / lg/k]If hLjg ef]udf d[To';d]t cN5] kf/fn] pkef]u ug'{k5{ eGg] efjgf k|blz{t ePsf] 5 . cfjZos / cgfjZos, ;ª\ulto'Qm / ;ª\ultxLg clg cg]s lsl;dsf j:t'x¿sf] ;dLs/0f u/]/ Pp6f hLjg ef]Ug] sfd dflg;n] ul//xG5 . lg/y{stfleq ;do, hLjg / b[li6sf]0f;d]t vr{ ug{ dfG5] d[To'~hosf] ofqLh:t} cd[To'af]wL eP/ b]vfkg]{ s'/f ;'j]bL cleJoQm ub{5g\ .

       kfl/hftdf cfPsf] j}rfl/s ljrng n]vdf kfl/hftsf] n]vg bfz{lgs lhDd]jf/Ld} l6Sg] vfnsf] ePsf sf/0fn] cl:tTjjfbaf6 ljrng cfP kl5 /fNkmfnL lrGtg–e|ddf gcNdlnO{ /fNkmfjfbdf ;dfhjfbL bz{gsL lhDd]jf/L gePsf sf/0fn] kfl/hft Ps}kN6 a}+;sf] dfG5] -@)@(_ df k|j[t eOg\ . /fNkmfsfnLg l;{hgf eP/ klg k|ultjfbL lrGtg ;an aGb} uPsf] / cl:tTjjfbL Pjd\ /fNkmfnL lrGtg b'n{e aGb} uPsf] pgsf] pkGof; n]vgsf] kl/jlt{t laGb' a}+;sf] dfG5] ag]sf] n]vssf] cledt /x]sf] 5 . tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ / cGtd{'vL pkGof; oyfy{jfbL lrGtgsf lj/f]wL df]rf{df gpleP klg ;kmn oyfy{jfbL pbfx/0f eg] aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . lz/Lifsf] km"n n] k|ltjflbt cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgsf] lg:t/tf kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ df kfOG5 .

       ;fdflhs oyfy{sf s0fs0f s]nfP/ ¿kjfbL lzNkdf 9fNg], kf7sju{nfO{ ;+j]lbt t'NofP klg pkGof;sf/n] pkGof;nfO{ knfogsf] lrKnf]df nu]/ k5f/]sf] cf/f]k n]vsn] nufPsf       5g\ . pkGof; jf syf s] xf] eGg] af/]df k|z:t ax;x¿ rn]sf] af]gL pkGof; xf] eGg] 7x/df k'Uof] . ;Daf]wgk|wfg lghL lzNkdf n]lvPsf] of] pkGof; kqfTds z}nLdf n]lvPsf] 5 . gf/L ;d:ofd} s]lGb|t of] pkGof; klg ljrlnt kfl/hftsf] ¿kjfbL lrGtglt/ 9Ns]sf] ;'j]bLsf] ts{ 5 .

       ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL :j/ / pkGof;sf/ kfl/hft zLif{ssf] n]vdf kfl/hftsf ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL pkGof;x¿sf] af/]df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof; n]vgdf pgsf] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{sf] cf/De kvf{nleq / aflx/ af6 :ki6 ¿kdf ePsf] b]Vg kfOG5 . tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ pkGof;n] lj;Ëltd"ns cGtd'{vL k|j[lQ / oyfy{jfbL alxd'{vL k|j[lQnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf ljefhgsf] /]vf sf]g]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . kfl/hftsf pkGof;x¿dWo] kvf{nleq / aflx/ -@)#%_, p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] -@)#%_ / clgbf] kxf8;Fu} ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL kmfF6sf pkGof; x'g\ . k"FhLjfbL, ;fdGtjfbL / k|ltlqmofjfbL ;a} vfn] a'h'{jf k|j[lQsf ;dfh Joj:yfnfO{ eTsfOlbg ;Sg] ;+u7g, rl/q / phf{ tof/ ug'{kg]{ tYo kvf{nleq / aflx/ pkGof;n] k|s6 u/]sf] 5 . ;+u7g, ljb|f]x / d'lQmr]tnfO{ k|ltlqmofjfbL b'is[ltsf kTs/df nfUg] 89]nf]df kl/0ft gu/];Dd g]kfnL ;dfhsf] d'lQm ;Dej 5}g eGg] j:t'tYo g} o; pkGof;df sYo eP/ cfPsf] 5 .

       p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] df k/Dk/f, ?l9 / wfld{s ljs[ltaf6 k]lnPsf ljleGg j0f{, hflt, ;+:s[lt cflbsf ljefhg /]vfdf vl08t dfgl;stf af]s]sf] ;dfhsf] l;sf/ ag]sf dfG5]sf dgdf cfkm" kLl8t aGg'kg]{ sf/0fsf klxrfgnfO{ lj:tf/} k|s6 ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] ts{ n]vssf]  5 .

       g]kfnsf] k~rfotL /fhgLlt rl/q leq km:6fPsf ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts ljs[ltx¿af6 kLl8t hghLjgaf6 k|:km'6g ePsf pef/nfO{ kof{j/0f, kfq / rl/qljGof; Pjd\ sYoljGof;df;d]t :yfkgf ug]{ sfd clgbf] kxf8;Fu} df ePsf] 5 . cl:tTjjfbL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf kfl/hftsf] l;h{gfTds pknAwL b]lvG5 eg] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL pkGof; l;h{gfsf] pknAwL kfl/hftdf e]l6G5 eGg] s'/f ;'j]bLn] hf]8bf/ 9ª\un] p7fPsf] b]lvG5 .

       lj=;+= @)%# df /fh]Gb| ;'j]bLsf] ;[hg ljwfsf kl/lwdf kfl/hft gfds s[lt k|sflzt x'G5 . o; s[ltdf ;'j]bLn] kfl/hftsf ljleGg ljwf n]vgsf] ljsf; k|lqmof / To;df kfOg] ljrf/ d"NonfO{ ;"Id ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       kfl/hft ;+lIfKt hLjgj[tdf kfl/hftsf] ;+lIfKt hLjg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . slj kfl/hftsf] cEo'bo / ljsf; k|lqmofdf kfl/hftsf sljtf n]vgsf tLg df]8x¿ b]vfOPsf] 5 . kfl/hft gfdsf] k|yd :yfkgf @)!$ ;fndf k|sfzgdf cfPsf] cfsf+Iff zLif{ssf] sljtf;ª\u|xaf6 ePsf] 5 . slj kfl/hftsf] l;h{gf /f]dflG6s n]vgsf] cjlzi6 If0fdf l6s]sf] x'gfn] pgdf sNkgfsf] ult lgs} tLj| ag]sf] 5 . @)!$ ;fndf cfsf+Iff zLif{saf6 k|sflzt ePsf] k|:t't sljtf;ª\u|xnfO{ eljiosf] pRr ul/df k|fKt ug]{ lbzfsf] cfwf/zLnf dfGg ;lsG5 .

       cl:tTjjfbL sljtf l;h{gf slj kfl/hftsf] bf];|f] df]8 xf] . kfl/hftsf sljtf;ª\u|xleqsf sljtfx¿df g]kfnL ;dfh / g]kfnL dfgl;stfeGbf klg ljZjsf] s'l07t / ljt[i0ffu|:t hLjg, ljZjdf a9\b} uPsf cf0fljs e§Lsf cftª\sn] cf;Gg If0fdf NofPsf ljlelifsfx¿ o;n] pb\3f6g u/]sf o; kl/l:yltsf hLjg–ef]ufOsf lj;Ëltx¿, dfgl;s b''a{ntf / knfogx¿, d[To' / gZj/tfsf af]wx¿, dfgjLo ;Dj]u / To;sf k|ltlqmofx¿, hLjgsf] lg:;f/tf / cfTdxTofsf cfj]ux¿ kfl/hftsf sljtf df k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . a}+;fn' jt{dfg kfl/hftsf] oyfy{jfbL sljtf n]vgsf] df]8 xf] . g]kfnL ;dfhsf kLl8t hflt, kIf, ju{, k]zf / k|j[lQx¿ sljtfsf ljifo ag]sf 5g\ . ;dfhsf c;ª\ut ;+/rgfsf lk;fOdf k/]sf lgDgtxsf hflt, lnª\u, lgDgj}tlgs >lds, lgDg cfoju{sf hgtf / e"ld / cfoxLg ;'s'Daf;L hgtfsf ;d:ofx¿ o;;ª\u|xsf sljtfdf j:t' ag]sf 5g\ . To:tf hgtfdflysf] zf]if0f / pTkL8g / ltgdflysf] leif0f k|tf8gf / ltgn] kfpg k|s6 u/]sf] d'lQmsf] :j/ o; ;ª\uxsf sljtfsf] sYo ag]sf] 5 .Ú[43]

       ;'j]bLn] lz/Lifsf] km"n nfO{ cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL pkGof;, dxQfxLg nfO{ z"Gojfbsf] w/ftndf lgld{t pkGof; dfg]sf 5g\ . lz/Lifsf] km"n sf] j}rfl/s lg/Gt/tfsf] ¿kdf dxQfxLg cfPsf] 5 . /fNkmfsfnLg ;[hgf eP/ klg k|ultjfbL lrGtg ;an aGb} uPsf] / cl:tTjjfbL Pjd\ /fNkmfnL lrGtg b'a{n aGb} uPsf] pgsf] pkGof; n]vgsf] kl/jlt{t laGb' a}+;sf] dfG5] ag]sf] 5 . kfl/hftsf] cGtd'{vL pkGof; pgsf] k|f/lDes lrGtglaGb'af6 Ps} kfOnf] klg otfptf g;/]sf] b]lvG5 . cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgsf] hLjgsf] t/ntf / IfL0f Pjd\ lg/y{stf, ;f/xLg hLjgb[li6, gZj/tfo'Qm hLjgaf]w kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ pkGof;n] ;kmntfk"j{s k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

       @)#% ;fndf k|sflzt cGtd'{vL pkGof;kl5 cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgdf s]lGb|t pkGof; Ps bzs ;dosf] cGt/fndf cfP/ @)$^ ;fndf km]l/ kfl/hftsf] cf/De hxfFaf6 eof], ToxLF k'u]/ k"0f{lj/fd nfu]sf] 5 . snf / ;f}Gbo{sf gfddf ;dfhsf] ljs[ltk"0f{ oyfl:yltnfO{ hxfFsf] txLF 5f]8]/ pgn] cfˆgf] /rgfwld{tfnfO{ kye|i6 agfPsf] uDeL/ pkhsf ¿kdf kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ / af]gL pkGof; /x]sf] cledt ;'j]bLsf] 5 . ;fdflhs / dfgl;stf ;ª\3ftsf] aLrdf tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ pkGof; /x]sf] 5 . k"0f{tM ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL aGg g;s] klg dfG5]nfO{ wgL jf ul/a, ;'vL jf b'MvL agfpg] sf/0f k|s[lt xf]Og, ;dfhsf] juL{o ljs[lt xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ pb\3f6g u/]sf] 5 . p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f], kvf{nleq / aflx/ / clgbf] kxf8;Fu} ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL pkGof;sf] pknlAw x'g\ .

       cflbd b]z @)@% ;fndf k':tsfsf/ syfs[lt xf] . o;df hDdf !@ j6f syfx¿ ;ª\slnt 5g\ . clnslt ¿k / cd"t{tf, clnslt cGtd'{vL lrGtg / c:ki6tf, clnslt knfog / lg:;f/tf, clnslt ljt[i0ff / lg/fzf cflbsf] ldl>t efjgfdf cflh{t hLjgd"No / r]tgfsf] klxrfg, clnslt hLjgdf]x / pTs07f, clnslt lj8Dagf / lj;Ëltk|ltsf] knfog o; ;+uxleqsf syfx¿df sYoj:t' eP/ cfPsf 5g\ . ;dfhsf lj;Ëlt, cfly{s ljs[lt, hLjgsf ljt[i0ff o; r/0fsf syfj:t' ag]sf 5g\ .

       ;8s / k|ltef @)#@ ;fndf k|sflzt syf;ª\u|x xf] . o;df kfl/hftsf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg syf r]tgfnfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .;ª\u|xsf s]xL syfx¿ k"j{ r/0fsf] cl:tTjjfbL lj;ËltjfbL b[li6lt/ cled'v 5g\ eg] s]xL pQ/ r/0fsf] dfS;{jfbL lrGtg b[li6lt/ cled'v 5g\ .

       @)#) kl5 kfl/hft ;dfhjfbL lbzflt/ cled'v ePsL 5g\ . o; pQ/f4{ r/0fsf] lrGtgnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ pgsf;ª\u|x¿ b'O{j6f 5g\ / b'j} syf;ª\u|xdf kfl/hftsf] lrGtgb[li6 k"0f{tM oyfy{jfbL aGgk'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf b]lvFb} cfPsf ljs[ltnfO{, cfly{s zf]if0f / bdgnfO{, k|zf;lgs b'is[lt / /fhgLlts a]OdfgLnfO{, dfgjLo b'lg{olt / ;fdflhs lj;ËltnfO{ k|xf/sf] s]Gb| agfP/ n]lvPsf] ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfFz' ;ª\u|xsf syfx¿ kl/jlt{t lrGtgsf] k|ltlglw ag]sL kfl/hftsf b[li6nfO{ ;d]6\g k|oTgzLn b]lvPsf] cledt ;'j]bL k|s6 ub{5g\ .

       @)$) ;fnkl5sf jif{x¿df n]lvPsf ;ft syfx¿sf] syf;ª\u|x awzfnf hfFbf cfpFbf xf] . o;;ª\u|xleqsf syfx¿df :jb]zleqsf wgL / lgw{g, ljb]zsf ;DkGg / :jb]zsf ljkGg clg :jb]zsf zf;s / zfl;th:tf åGåfTds kf6fx¿nfO{ juL{o lj;Ëltsf k[i7e"lddf /fv]/ x]g]{ k|oTg ePsf] 5 .

       kfl/hftsf] cfwL cfsfz ;ª\u|xdf ;ª\slnt lgaGwdf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] dfq x}g, ljZjs} hg;ª\Vofdf cfwf efu cf]u6]/ a;]sf gf/Lx¿sf] cl:dtf, clwsf/ / st{JonfO{ j}rfl/s 9ª\un] k|ltkfbg ul/Psf j:t'k/s lgaGwx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf cfTd;+:d/0fdf k'?ifk|wfg / cw{;fdGtL ;dfhsL dlxnf ag]/ klg g]kfnL dlxnfsf] cl:dtfnfO{ ljZjhgLg b[li6 / ;fx; k|bfg ug]{ lrGtg cfPsf] 5 . k"jL{o cfbz{sf j}lbs / af}4 lrGtg;Dd / kfZrfTo oyfy{sf dfS;L{o lrGtg;Dd klg 5l/PsL 5g\ .

#=@=@=* r}tGo

       r}tGon] dfS;{jfbL snfb[li6 / ;dLIff -@)%$_ gfds s[ltdf kfl/hftM ;f}Gbo{ lrGtgsf] ljsf; k|lqmof n]vdf kfl/hftsf] ;du| ;flxToofqfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{sf] ;fy} /rgf k|lqmofdf b]vf k/]sf ljljw ljrf/ Pjd\ k|j[lQx¿sf] ;"Id lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] ;flxToofqfsf] df]8x¿ af/] ljleGg n]vsx¿aLr k|z:t} dte]b ePtf klg pgsf] ;flxTo ofqfsf] ljsf;qmfnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ ljefhg ug'{ pko'{Qm x'g] pgn] bzf{Psf 5g\– klxnf] cl:tTjjfbL cjlw–k|f/Deb]lv lj=;+= @)@^ sf] cf;kf;;Dd, bf];|f] gjc/fhstfjfbL cjlw, lj=;+= @)@& b]lv @)@( sf] cf;kf;;Dd / t];|f] k|ultjfbL cjlw, lj=;+= @)#) b]lv otfsf] cjlw .

cfsf+Iff / kfl/hftsf sljtf sf @)!* ;fn;ddsf sljtfx¿nfO{ s]xL /f]dfG;]nL tyf l;sf? k|j[lQsf, lz/Lifsf] km"n, dxQfxLg pkGof; / cflbd b]z sf syfx¿nfO{ cl:tTjjfbsf] a}+;fn' cj:yfsf / ;8s / k|ltef sf s]xL syfx¿nfO{ lj;ËltjfbL eGg ;lsP tfklg u'0ffTds ¿kdf oxfF k|efjL /x]sf] k|j[lQ cl:tTjjfb g} xf] .[44]

kfl/hftsf] o; cjlwsf /rgfdf k|]d, of}g, ljjfx, kl/jf/, hLjg–hut\ / JolQm tyf ;dfh;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ k|rlnt dfGotfsf] k"0f{ lgif]w ug'{, JolQmsf] lg/k]If cl:tTj tyf p;sf] r/d :jtGqtf / JolQmx¿nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] dfGotfsf] lgwf{/s dfGg', d"No lgwf{/0fsf lglDt ;+1fgfTds cfwf/sf ¿kdf ;xhj[lQ, cjr]tg dg jf k|s[tjfbsf] cjnDag ug'{, JolQmx¿sf] j/0f :jtGqtf jf k|flKtsf lglDt cj/f]ws aGg] P]ltxfl;s lgoltsf lj?4 h'Wg g;Sg', kl/df0ftM lg/y{stf, lg/fzf, knfog, z"Gotf / d[To'af]wsf] ef;df km:g' / hLjg, hut\ / ;dfhk|lt, ;f}Gbo{ lrGtgk|lt cfbz{jfbL Pjd\ clee"tjfbL b[li6 cjnDag ug'{h:tf ljz]iftf kfOg] r}tGon] pNn]v u/]sf 5gkb{5 . ;8s / k|ltef sf s]xL syfx¿, a}+;sf] dfG5] -pkGof;_ / w"kL, ;Nnf / nfnLu'F/f;sf] km]bdf -cfTd;+:d/0f_ o;} cjlw cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

cl:tTjjfb, k|mfo8jfb, c/fhstfjfb, gjjfdkGy ldn]/ lvr8L lrGtg lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . oxfF klg z"Gojfb 5 . oxL cjlw kfl/hftsf] cl:tTjjfbaf6 gj c/fhstfjfbdf ¿kfGt/0fsf] cjlw xf] .

lj=;+= @)#) otfsf] cjlw kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL n]vgsf] cjlw xf] . o; cjlwdf kfl/hft gofF ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zok|lt lgi7fjfg x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] cfGbf]ng, l;4fGt / /fhgLltsf ;fy} nfdf] ;do;Dd ;fª\u7lgs k|lta4tfsf];d]t lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf] 5 . snfTds k|ltlaDagsf] If]qdf pxfFn] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ju{;ª\3if{sf] oyfy{nfO{ ultzLn 9ª\un] cleJoQm ug]{, hgtfaf6 lnP/ hgtfnfO{ lbg] / j:t'af6 r]tgf tyf r]tgfaf6 j:t'df hfg] åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL dfGotfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu ks8\g] k|of; ug'{ ePsf] tYo r}tGon] cl3 ;fg'{ ePsf] 5 .

kfl/hft af]gL sf] kl5Nnf] efu / kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ df lgs} tn v:g' ePsf] 5 . oL b'j} /rgfdf oyfy{sf] gsf/fTds kf6f]nfO{ dfly p7fPsf] 5 / oyfl:yltjfbsf] 3]/faGbLleq} hsl8g] sfd ePsf] 5 . ljZj sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ng Pjd\ g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf b]vf k/]sf 36gfx¿sf] k|efj Psflt/ b]lvG5 eg] csf]{lt/ pxfF cfkm}df ;d"x, ;fª\u7lgs k|ltj4tfk|lt cgf:yf hfUg'h:tf sf/0fn] kfl/hftnfO{ of] l:yltdf k'¥ofPsf] s'/f cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

hLjgsf] clGtd ;do;Dd klg dfS;{jfb, n]lggjfb, dfcf]jfbL ljrf/wf/fsf] kIfkf]if0f ug'{, sDo'lg:6sf] eljio pHjn ePsf] b]Vg', ;}4flGts k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub}{ ;fdGtjfb, ;fd|fHojfb / lj:tf/jfblj/f]wL gjhgjfbL ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg alg/xg'sf] sf/0f pxfFdf sdhf]/ kIfsf t'ngfdf ;an kIf w]/} k|efj /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 b]lvG5 . pxfF k|ultjfbL lzlj/sL Ps ;zQm n]lvsf x'g'x'G5 eg]/ r}tGon] 7f]s'jf ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

#=@=@=( kjg rfdlnª

       kjg rfdlnªn] kfl/hftsf ;ª\slnt /rgfx¿ -@)%$_, -u|Gy !–^_Ú df e"ldsf df kfl/hftsf] hLjg k|;ª\usf ;fy} pgsf] n]vgsf k|j[lQsf] ;d]t ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf ;a} k|fKo s[ltnfO{ k|sfzdf Nofpg] p2]Zo lgdf{0f k|sfzgsf] nIo /x]sf] s'/f cl3 ;fb}{ pgsf efjgfTds cg'e"ltsf a]Unf–a]Un} cj:yf / r/0fnfO{ a'em]/ g} pgsf] hLjg / sd{ k|li6g] ePsf]n] Tof] lg0f{o lnPsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       k|mfobsf] jf;gf?9 /x:ojfb, gjsfG6jfbLx¿sf] cGtd'{vL efjjfb tyf ;fq{sf] cl:tTjjfbsf kqbn ;hfP/ lz/Lifsf] km"n kfl/hftn] tof/ kf/]sL 5g\ . s'07f, dgf]ljs[lt, xtfzf / z"GotfnfO{ kfl/hftn] ltVv/ zAbx¿df ;hfPsf] s'/f rfdlnª JoQm u5{g\ . a}+;sf] dfG5] n] kfl/hftdf x's{b} uPsf] gofF dfGotfnfO{ pb\3fl6t ub{5 eg] tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ n] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ km8\sf]sf] tof/LnfO{ 5n{Ë b]vfpF5 .[45]

       Hofb} rrf{df cfPsf kvf{nleq / aflx/ clg clgbf] kxf8;Fu} dfq xf]Og, p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f], …cGtd{'vLÚ cflb pkGof;x¿df klg kfqx¿sf lghL cfzf, cfsf+Iff, ef]s–Kof;, O{iof{–nfn;f, k|]d–3[0ff cflbn] ;fdflhs k[i7e"ldnfO{ cfnf]lst u/]sf 5g\ . kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ ljrf/sf b[li6n] sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 . kvf{nleq / aflx/ sf] /d]z Ps JolQm / ;Fu–;Fu} Ps 6fOksf] ¿kdf s'FlbPsf] 5 eg] clgbf] kxf8;Fu} sL ;'jfgL t ;fdlhs oyfy{nfO{ tLj| cleJolQm lbg ;Sg] ;dy{ k|ltlglw kfq ePsf] tYo rfdlnª JoQm ub{5g\ .

       w"kL, ;Nnf / nfnLu'F/f;sf] km]bdf k|j[lQut b[li6n] a}+;sf] dfG5] sf] glhs 5 . kfl/hftsf] ;f}Gbo{ lrGtg gj c/fhstfjfbL r/0fdf ljr/0f ul//x]sf] a]nfsf] j}rfl/s wf/;Fu of] ;+:d/0fsf] tfbfDo 5 .

       cfˆgf ;+:d/0fdf OdfGbfl/tfsf] lgjf{x ug]{ k|oTgdf pgn] 7"nf] cfF6 / d]xg]t u/]sf] k|ltt x'G5 . pgs} OR5f cg';f/ pgsf] d[To'kl5 k|sflzt cWoog / ;ª\3if{ zLif{s ;+:d/0fdf lgd{n nfdf;DaGwL k|s/0fn] pgsf] sdhf]/LnfO{ ;fkm hfx]/ ub{5 .

       bflh{lnªsf] lrofaf/Ldf cFWof/f] jt{dfg / clglZrt eljio af]s]/ afFlr/x]sf nfvf}+ >dhLjL kl/jf/aLr hlGdPsf] Pp6L PsfGtk|]dL, cGtd{'vL / efj's lszf]/L k'/fgf] o'usf] eUgfjz]ifnfO{ Wj:t kf/]/ gofF o'usf] r/ lgdf{0f ug]{ ;r]t hgk|]dL, :ki6, lg8/ / k|a'4sdL{df km]l/Psf] syf g} kfl/hftsf] ;+:d/0f ePsf] s'/f rfdlnª bfjf ub{5g\ .

       cfsf+Iffdf ;+u|lxt sljtfx¿ eljiosf] k|ltefzfnL snfsf/n] s}zf]o{df kfOnf /fVbf plAhPsf] k|]d, k|0fo, ljof]u;DaGwL v'Nb'nLsf] efiffdf cjt/0f dfq xf] . a}+;fn' jt{dfg df ;+u|lxt sljtfx¿ kfl/hft dfgl;s tyf ef}lts ¿kdf;d]t zf]lift, kLl8t hg;d'bfok|lt k|lta4 eP kl5 /lrPsf /rgfx¿ x'g\ . Oltxf;sf] gj cWofodf cfˆgf] k|wfgtf :yflkt ug{ rfxg] / ;Sg] hg>]0fLsf] ;f+:s[lts df]rf{df clj/fd 86\g] e/f];fof]Uo ;h{ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ kfl/hft cfˆgf tL sljtfx¿ dfkm{t ;kmn ag]sf] s'/f cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] gf/L kIfw/tf, gf/Ld'lQm ;Dk"0f{ d]xgtL hgtfsf] d'lQmsf] bz{g / l;4fGtdfly cfwfl/t 5 . gf/LnfO{ ef]Uof / sdf/Ldfq 7fGg]x¿k|ltsf] tLj| cfqmf]zleq s]xL gf/LjfbL n]lvsfsf] h:tf] k'?iflj/f]wL efj 5}g . kfl/hftsf ljrf/x¿ cfkm}df cGtlj{/f]wL / cJojl:yt 5}gg\ . pTkLl8t dfG5]x¿k|lt, cem ljz]if u/L gf/Lx¿k|ltsf] pgsf] k|lta4tf pgsf lgaGwx¿df kfOg] rfdlnªsf] ts{ 5 .

#=@=@=!) O{Zj/ a/fn / cGo

       O{Zj/ a/fnn] g]kfnL ;flxTosf]z -@)%%_ df pkGof; zLif{sdf kfl/hftsf] pkGof;sfl/tfsf] af/]df rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .

       !(^!–&) sf] bzsdf k|sflzt cg'/fwf df cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgsf] emNsf] kfOP klg o; lrGtgnfO{ Jofkstf k|bfg ug]{ >]o kfl/hftnfO{ 5 . lz/Lifsf] km"n / dxQfxLgdf hLjgsf] lg/y{stf, lj;Ëlt / lg:;f/tfnfO{ cf}FNofpFb} cl:tTjaf]wsf] r]tgf k|:t't u/]sf] / dxQfxLg df of] :j/ cem rsf]{ ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftn] d"ntM gfl:ts cl:tTjjfbL b[li6sf]0f cfwf/df g]kfnL pkGof; ;flxTonfO{ Ps gofF df]8df pEofPsf] yk l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] lz/Lifsf] km"n / dxQfxLg df cl:tTjjfbL b[li6sf]0f kfOP tfklg k/jtL{ sfndf /fNkmf eP/ cl:tTjjfb / dfS;{jfbsf] ldnfg ug]{ k|r]i6f ug'{sf] ;fy} cl:tTjjfbaf6 k|ultjfbdf k|ltudg u/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       ;do / lrGtgsf] k/jt{g tyf cWoogsf] a]Un} b[li6sf]0f kfl/hftsf dfGotfx¿df qmdzM kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . cl:tTjjfb, /fNkmfjfb / k|ultjfb kfl/hftsf] pkGof; ofqfsf ljleGg r/0fx¿ x'g\ . a}+;sf] dfG5] /fNkmfjfbL s[lt dflgPsf] 5 . /fNkmfjfbLx¿ JolQmut ljb|f]x / cfqmf]zdf ljZjf; u5{g\ . a}+;sf] dfG5] df cfqmf]zsf] bdg xTofaf6 ePsf] cledt k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ .[46]

       kvf{nleq / aflx/ klg ljb|f]xsf] ;8sdf s'b]sf] eP tfklg a}+;sf] dfG5] sf] h:tf] lgtfGt j}olQms geP/ ;fdflhs 5 / w]/} dflemP/ ;Gt'lnt x'g vf]Hb} k|ultjfbsf] w]/} glhs k'u]sf] 7f]s'jf u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@=!! Clif/fh a/fn / s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]

       Clif/fh a/fn / s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]n] g]kfnL syf efu– # -@)%%_ kfl/hftsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro lbg'sf] ;fy} pgsf] ltp/Lsf] km"n kfol/ofsf] uGw syfsf] ljj]rgf / ;f] syf klg ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ .

       ljleGg ljwfdf snd rnfpg] kfl/hft pkGof;kl5 syf ljwfdf a9L k|l;4 Pjd\ rlr{t ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ pgsf syfn] of}gs'07f, gf/L dfgl;stf, gf/Lsf ;d:of / g}/fZotf, ljb|f]xL r]tgf tyf qmflGt efjx¿;d]t u/L cg]s efj tyf oyfy{sf] cleJolQm lbPsf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf syfn] em'7f] k|]dk|lt ljt[i0ff, c;dfgtfk|lt c;Gtf]if / cGofok|lt cfqmf]z b]vfPsf] s'/f;d]t bzf{Psf 5g\ .

       @)#@ kl5 kfl/hftsf syfdf gjLg k|j[lQ b]vf k5{g\ . hLjg / hutsf] oyfy{ pb\3f6g ubf{ pgL k|ultjfbL syfsf/ ag]sL l5g\ . cGofo, cTofrf/ / zf]if0fsf lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg', ;dfhsf] cfd'n kl/jt{gsf nflu r]tgf km}nfpg', ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] rfxgf k|:t't ug'{ k|ultjfbL syfsf/sf ljz]iftf x'g\ .[47]

       ltp/Lsf] km"n kfol/ofsf] uGw kfl/hftsf] klxnf] r/0fl;t ;Da4 lj;ËltjfbL k|j[lQnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ syf xf] . s]xL dfqfdf clt oyfy{jfbL k|j[lQ, s]xL dfqfdf sfdjf;gf;d]t ldl;Psf] o; syfn] lj;ËltaLr ;ª\ult vf]Hg] k|of; u/]sf] pNn]v ub}{ r]tgk|jfxo'Qm z}nLdf n]lvPsf] o; syf af}l4stfnfO{ a9L ;d]6]sf]n] syf k|ltsfTds aGg k'u]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

#=@=@=!@ dxfb]j cj:yL

       dxfb]j cj:yLn] g]knL syf efu– @ df syfsf/ kfl/hftsf ljz]iftf n]vdf kfl/hftsf syfsf ljz]iftf j0f{g ug'{sf] ;fy} pgsf] d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] gfds syf klg ljZn]if0f ub}{ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hft cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTodf b]vf k/]sL pTs[i6 gf/L k|ltef x'g\ . pgL cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTodf b]vf k/]sf] …/fNkmf ;GtltÚ sL k|d'v Pjd\ cu|0fL JolQmTj x'g\ . d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] pgsf] k|yd k|sflzt syf xf] / of] @)@! ;fndf k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 .

       kfl/hft cfw'lgs syfsf] k|of]ujfbsfnLg lj;ËltjfbL–cl:tTjjfbL syfwf/fsL syfsf/sf] ¿kdf k|yd k6s pbfPsL x'g\ eg] kl5 pgn] cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf] k|ultjfbL wf/fnfO{ ;d[l4tkm{ 8f]¥ofOg\ . o;/L cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf If]qdf b]vf k/]sf k|of]ujfbL wf/f / k|ultjfbL wf/fh:tf b'O{ lgtfGt k[ys j}rfl/s k[i7e"ld ePsf ;flxlTos wf/fsf] k|of]udf kfl/hftsf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 / pgsf] Tof] of]ubfg ljlzi6 Pjd\ pTs[i6 lsl;dsf] 5 .[48]

       k|of]ujfbL wf/f -lj=;+= @)@)–@)@(_ sfnsf syfdf dfgj dgf]lj1fg / dfG5]sf] cl:tTj;DaGwL ljrf/nfO{ vf; ljifosf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . pgsf k|of]ujfbL syfx¿df of}g dgf]lj1fg / of}g :jtGqtfk|ltsf] cfu|x, ;fd'lxstfsf] ;§f JolQmut :jtGqtfsf] tLj| rfxgf, k/Dk/fut ;dfhsf ?9LjfbL dfGotfk|lt pu| c;Gtf]if, hLjgk|ltsf] ljt[i0ff, d[To'af]w, z"Gotfaf]w, lg:;f/tfaf]wh:tf lj;ËltjfbL ;f]rfO / hLjg d"Nolxgtf Pjd\ lg:;f/tf leq} dfgj cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgsf] cleJolQm ul/Psf] s'/f cj:yLn] pNn]v u/]sf  5g\ .

       @)#) ;fnkl5sf kfl/hftsf pQm lj;ËltjfbL cl:tTjjfbL b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g cfof] / pgL dfS;{jfbL hLjgb[li6 cFufNg k'lug\ . o;kl5 pgsf] syfsf] ljifo g]kfnL ;dfh aGof] / pgn] cfˆgf] syfdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;fdGtL zf]if0f, cfly{s c;dfgtf / juL{o lje]b, lnª\ue]b / gf/L hfltn] a]]xf]g'{ k/]sf ;d:of / pTkL8gh:tf cg]sf}+ ljifosf] lrq0f u/L kl/jt{g Pjd\ qmflGtsf] cfjZostf, Gofok"0f{ cfly{s ;dfgtfsf] dfu / hgtflGqs clwsf/sf] axfnL, ;fdGtL zf]ifsju{k|ltsf] tLj| k|xf/ / ;j{xf/f ju{k|ltsf] ;xfg'e"lth:tf k|ultjfbL cjwf/0ffsf] ;zQm cleJolQm ul/g\ .

       kfl/hftsf syfdf ;f}Gbo{k"0f{ laDa / Jo~hgfwdL{ k|tLssf] klg k|of]u kfOG5 . syfsnfsf b[li6n] pgsf syfx¿ vFlbnf Pjd\ ulx/fOk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ .

       o;/L g} d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] syfsf] ;+lIfKt ljj]rgf gfds n]vdf dxfb]j cj:yLn] cfˆgf ;dLIffTds b[li6sf]0f cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

       Pp6L cljjflxt cwa}+;] cfOdfO{sf dgdf p7\g] of}gfj]u, cg'/fu, :g]x / dfofddtfh:tf s'/fnfO{ o; syfsf syfj:t'n] snfTds 9ª\un] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . Pp6L gf/Lsf dgdf p7]sf t/ª\ux¿nfO{ qmlds ¿kdf cl3 a9fpFb} sf/0f–sfo{ z[ª\vnfdf pGb} o; syfsf] syfj:t'nfO{ ;ª\ul7t ul/Psf] 5 / Tof] k|z:t sf}t'xndo klg 5 .

       r]tg / cjr]tg dgsf OR5fx¿sf aLrsf] åGån] oxfF …dÚ kfqsf] dfgl;stf layf]lnPsf] pNn]v ub}{ k}+tL; jif{ ggf3]sL Pp6L cljjfxlt gf/Lsf dgsf] cf/f]x–cj/f]xsf] ljZn]if0f o; syfdf ul/Psf] hgfPsf 5g\ . k|yd k'?if …dÚ kfqsf] sygsf ¿kdf /x]sf] of] syf lgtfGt gjLg z}nLdf n]lvPsf] / :jrflnt n]vgz}nLsf] k|of]u ePsf] s'/f cj:yLsf] cledt /x]sf] kfOG5 .

#=@=@=!# s[i0f uf}td

       s[i0f uf}tdn] /rgfsf] /f]df~r -@)%^_ gfds s[ltdf kfl/hftM d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] syfdf ;dfnf]rgfTds n]v k|sflzt u/fPsf 5g\ .

       gf/LjfbL cfFvfn] kfl/hftsf s[ltsf] cWoog ?rLk"0f{ ljifo eP klg 5f]6f] n]vdf d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] syfsf] af/]df rrf{ ug{ rfx]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] hLjg Pp6f ?u0f gf/L hLjg xf] . PSnL, s'l07t, dg:tfkL, u|fx{:yaf6 jl~rt kfl/hftnfO{ lrg]kl5 syfdf pgL cfkm} s]xL ;Ldf;Dd 3';]sL 5g\ eGg] yfxf eOxfN5 . syfsL gflosf klg kfl/hft h:t} PSnL, sft/, cGtd'{vL, dg:tfkL / ufx{:y hLjgsf] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt 5] . o;/L of] syfn] Ps c+zdf kfl/hftsf] hLjgsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ pgn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf x]bf{ klg lax]df c¿lr x'g' / kf]Ok|lt 3[0ff x'g'n] gflosfdf 3f]/ of}gct[lKt ePsf] yfxf x'g] / lg/f]w jf bdg s7f]/ x'gfn] gflosf Go'/f]l;;n] kLl8t ePsf] cledt k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ .

       n]lvsf kfl/hftaf6 bdg, ct[lKt / u|GyLsf] ;+:sf/ kfPsL syfgflosf cU3f]/ ct[Kt 5] / k6\7f]nfO{ kfP/ t[lKt xfl;n u5]{ . n]lvsfs} s'07fx¿sf] a[xt ef/nfO{ af]s]sL x'gfn] pgs} ;fk]Iftfdf a'snfO{ cGt/ª\u;Dd lrGg ;lsG5 . gflosfdfkm{t\ pEofPsf] k6\7f]df gflosfdf em}+ bdg / ct[lKtsf tŒjx¿ 5g\ . Olk8;u|GyLsf] ?U0ftfn] k6\7f] klg u|:t 5 eGg] s'/f cfdfh:tf a'9LsGofx¿k|lt JoQm ePsf] p;sf] cfzlQmn] k|s6 ub{5 .

       5f]/f] /] t/ cfkm"n] hGdfPsf] xf]Og, jfT;Nodfg 5 t/ of}gj[lQm pln{/x]5– dfof ug{ vf]h] cZnLn zAbn] ufnL u5{ . cfsif{0f eP/ klg b'/Lh:tf lj/f]wL j[lQmsf] 6s/fx6 af]s]/ syf cl3 a9\b5 .[49]

       syf cU3f]/ JolQmjfbL u|GyL / dg:tfkL emNsfpg] u/L n]lvPsf]n] dL7f] syf kl9/x]sfnfO{ tLtf] nfUg] / hLjg u'nfa dfq geO{ sfF8f klg xf] eGg] kIf syfn] pb\3f6g u/]sf] 7f]s'jf u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@=!$ s[i0fxl/ a/fn / g]q P6d

       s[i0fxl/ a/fn / g]q P6dn] pkGof; l;4fGt / g]kfnL pkGof; -@)%^_ gfds u|Gydf g]kfnL pkGof;sf ljleGg df]8 / k|j[lQx¿sf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . tLg v08df 5'6\ofOPsf] o; u|Gysf] klxnf] v08df pkGof; l;4fGt, bf];|f] v08df g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ljsf;qmd / wf/fut k|j[lQ / v08 tLgdf s]xL g]kfnL pkGof;x¿sf] ljZn]if0f /x]sf] 5 .

       v08 b'O{df lj;ËltjfbL g]kfnL pkGof;x¿ zLif{sdf kfl/hftsf] lz/Lifsf] km"n -@)@@_ / dxQfxLg -@)@%_ sf] ;fdfGo rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . lz/Lifsf] km"ndf lj;Ëltsf] uDeL/ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;'of]ujL/ / ;sda/Lsf dfWodaf6 ;+;f/sf] z"Gotfaf]w tyf hLjgsf lj;ª\ut lqmofsnfkx¿ cToGt dfld{s / k|efjsf/L eP/ k|:t't u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . z"Gotfsf] cgGt nx/ ag]/ dxQfxLg n] hLjgsf] cfTdljgfzsf k|;Ëx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] hgfPsf 5g\ . To:t} cl:tTjjfbL g]kfnL pkGof;x¿ zLif{sdf kfl/hftsf lz/Lifsf] km"n, dxQfxLg / cGtd'{vL pkGof;sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . lz/Lifsf] km"n df o'4sfnLg ljlelifsfsf] k[i7e"lddf cl:tTjsf] k|Zg p7fOPsf] rrf{ 5 . dxQfxLg df dxfla;ËltsfaLr sxfnL nfUbf] cl:tTjaf]w x'g' / oxL lg:;f/ z"Gos} ;]/f]km]/f]df 3'ld/xg' g} hLjgsf] :jtGq k|df0f xf] eGg] b]vfOPsf] hgfPsf 5g\ . cGtd'{vL df cl:dtf ;+/If0fsf ;ª\3if{sf] af6f]df xf]ldP/ cufl8 a9\g] hLjgsf] ultzLntfnfO{ pkGof;n] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ .

       /fNkmfnL cfGbf]ng @)@#–@)#) af6 gofF lrGtgsf] lbzf kqm]/ cl3 a9\g yfn]kl5 kfl/hftdf k|ultjfbL l;h{gf ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . a}+;sf] dfG5] -@)@(_ af6 ;'? ePsf] pgsf] o; lrGtgdf cfwfl/t k|d'v pkGof;x¿df tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿, kvf{nleq / aflx/ -@)#%_, p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] -@)#%_ / clgbf] kxf8;Fu} -@)#(_ /x]sf 5g\ . ;'?df efj'stfhGo cfbz{sf] k|:tlt eP klg qmdzM clgbf] kxf8;Fu} df cfOk'Ubf kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL lrGtg cToGt ;lqmo / lqmofzLn /x]sf] s'/f n]vsx¿sf] ljZn]if0f /x]sf] 5 .

       v08 tLgdf s]xL g]kfnL pkGof;x¿sf] ljZn]if0f /x]sf] 5 . o;} v08df pkGof;sf kfl/hft / lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof; gfds ljZn]if0ffTds n]v klg /x]sf] 5 . kfl/hftsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro, kfl/hftsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf / k|j[lQx¿, Pjd\ lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f pkzLif{sx¿df of] n]v ljeflht 5 . kfl/hftsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro df kfl/hftsf] hGd ;+jt !(() kmfu'g #) ut] ePsf] s'/f hgfOUPsf] 5 . To;/L g} pgsf s[ltx¿sf] kl/rosf ;fy} pgn] kfPsf ;Ddfg Pjd\ pgsf af/]df ePsf sfo{x¿sf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf / k|j[lQx¿ zLif{sdf kfl/hftsf pkGof; n]vgsf ljleGg kIfsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] lz/Lifsf] km"n n] lj;Ëlt / z"Gojfbh:tf bfz{lgs ljrf/nfO{ k|ltkfbg ug]{ sfo{ u¥of] . cy{xLg tyf d"NoxLg aFrfO / z"Gotfsf] af]wdf o;n] ;kmntf k|fKt
u¥of] . dxQfxLg df hLjgsf] cl:tTjxLgtf / lj;Ëltsf] r/d kl/0fltsfaLr klg afFRg afWo ePsf dflg;sf] clen]v k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . /fNkmfsfndf n]lvPsf] a}+;sf] dfG5] df ljb|f]x, cfqmf]z / ;ª\3if{sf] cfuf] cf]sNg] k|j[lQ kfOG5 . tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ df k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cftª\ssf] ;hLjg lrq0f kfOg'sf ;fy} g]kfnL zf]lift hgtfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:ofsf] k|:t'lt / ltgsf] cfnf]rgf 5 . cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{sf] of] :j¿k pgsf kl5Nnf pkGof;x¿ kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ / af]gL df klg kfOG5 .[50]

       kfl/hftsf] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{sf] j}rfl/s pGd]if kvf{nleq / aflx/ df k|s6 ePsf] 5 . ;ª\ul7t ¿kn] ul/g] d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] clgjfo{tfnfO{ o;n] l:jsf/]sf] 5 . p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] df zf]if0fsf] rfkdf lylrPsf] g]kfnL ;j{xf/f hLjgsf] pb\3f6gsf ;fy} d'lQm ;ª\3if{sf] kIfnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . clgbf] kxf8;Fu} g]kfnL k|ultjfbL r]tgfsf] pRrtf k|fKt ug]{ pkGof; xf] . @)#^ ;fnsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljifo agfOUPsf] o; pkGof;df ;ª\3if{df xf]ldPsf of]4fx¿sf] ljb|f]xL r]tgfnfO{ pRrtf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . snfTds b[li6n] klg pkGof; ;an  5 .

       lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f gfds n]vdf pkGof;nfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f u/UPsf] 5 . lz/Lifsf] km"n sf] ;f/j:t' cl:tTjjfbL / lj;ËltjfbL cfwf/df dfgj hLjgsf] JofVof u/L hLjgsf] cl:tTjaf]w tyf To;df kfOg] lg:;f/tf / lg/y{stfsf] z"Gotfaf]w u/fpg' xf] . o;df o'4af6 l;lh{t kl/l:yltn] NofPsf] hLjgsf] d"NoxLgtf / lg/fzf k|s6 ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] n]vsåo atfpF5g\ . pkGof;df ;'of]ujL/n] ef]u]sf] z"Go s]jn kfv08L lg:;f/tfaf]w, JolQmut k|nfk / cfˆgf] lg/Lxtfsf] Pp6f ljs[t ¿k k|bz{g dfq xf] . rl/qx¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿df lj;Ëltsf] y'k|f] nufP/ kfl/hftn] lz/Lifsf] km"n nfO{ bfz{lgs ;f/j:t' k|bfg ug]{ ;fwg agfPsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       lz/Lifsf] km"n ;du|df bf];|f] ljZjo'4af6 klZrddf hGd]sf] lg/fzf / knfogjfbL hLjg bz{gsf] cg's/0f ug]{ snfTds / af}l4s k|:t'lt ePsf] bfjf n]vsåosf] 5 .

#=@=@=!% /~h'>L k/fh'nL

       /~h'>L k/fh'nLn] s[lt ljj]rgf -@)%^_ gfds s[ltdf kfl/hftsf] syf d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] gfds ;dfnf]rgfTds /rgf ;dfj]z u/]sL 5g\ . hLjgdf b'O k6s cfTdxToof ug{ tD;]sL kfl/hftn] To;f] ug{ ;kmn ePsf] eP g]kfnL  ;flxToe08f/ pgsf] of]ubfgn] h'g cj::yfdf k'u]sf] 5, To;af6 jl~rt x'g] lyof] eg]/ k/fh'nLn] cledt /fv]sL 5g\ .

         kfl/hft km"n ;'ulGwt km"nx¿dWo] Ps xf] . kf}/fl0fs sfndf :ju{df dfq kfOGYof] elgG5 . b]jtfx¿s} hfnem]nn] ubf{ of] k[YjLdf cfPsf] eGg] lsDjbGtL 5 t/ of] km"n l6Kg cfh;Dd klg lgif]lwt 5 . af]6af6 em/]kl5 dfq To;nfO{ l6Kg ;lsG5 eg]/ kfl/hft gfdsf] P]ltxfl;stf j0f{g u/]sL 5g\ .

       d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] syfdf syfsf/n] cfkm" cljjflxt eP/ klg Pp6L gf/Lsf] ;Gtfgsf] rfxgf, To;k|ltsf] k|]d, ddtf / jfT;NonfO{ clt :jefljs tl/sfn] JoQm u/]sL 5g\ . ;Gtfgsf] rfxgfn] clw/ ePsf gf/L kfqsf] dfWodaf6 pgn] ;do, Jojxf/ / kl/l:yltn] s]xL gf/Lx¿ lax] ub}{gg\ . ljx] gub}{df pgLx¿df /x]sf] dft[Tjsf] ef]s x/fpFb}g . To:tf :jf:gLdfG5]x¿ c;Dej eP tfklg cfTd;Gt'li6 / dft[Tjsf] ef]ssf] t[lKtsf nflu o; syfsL …dÚ kfqh:t} cfkm"n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/fsf] eP klg cfdf aGg rfxG5g\ eGg] dgf]j}1flgs wf/0ff o; syfn] cleJoQm u/]sf] 5 .

       k'?ifk|ltsf] rfxgf / ;Gtfgk|ltsf] k|]d k|To]s gf/Ldf x'G5 . s'g} a]nf Tof] ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /xG5 eg] s'g} a]nf cgfof; hfu[t x'G5 . hLjgdf s]xL cd"No j:t' x/fPh:tf] eP tfklg To;sf] cefjn] pm lklN;PsL 5}g . hLpg TolQ ;/n 5}g, s7f]/ hLjg ljtfP/ dfq ef]lnsf lbgx¿ b]Vg kfOG5 . b'Mvdo hLjgsf] cGTo d[To' / d[To'kl5 dxfz"Gotf eGg] n]lvsfsf] lrGtg o; syfdf u/]sL l5g\ .[51]

       ;f]xL s[ltdf k/fh'nLsf] kfl/hftsf] cGtd'{vL pkGof;nfO{ lrofpFbf gfds n]v k|sflzt 5 . nfpF–vfpF eGg] pd]/sL ;/nfnfO{ SofDk; / clkm;sf] af]em x'g'sf] ;fy} æ;xg]sf] b'Mv df6f] eP/ hfG5 / g;xg]sf] b'Mv Oltxf; eP/ h'd'{/fpF5Æ eGg] yfxf eP/ klg Oltxf; eP/ h'd'{/fpg g;Sg' a? leqleq} lklN;P/ ;a} af]emsf] ef/L af]Sb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . lsgsL pm cGtd'{vL 5] eg]/ k/fh'nLn] eg]sL 5g\ .

       cGtd'{vL kfq ;/nfn] g O{Zj/nfO{ ;Demg] g la;{g] cyf{t\ O{Zj/sf] cl:tTjsf] dtna 5}g . To:t} pm g}ltstfk|lt klg ;ts{ 5] . k|]dnfO{ zf:jt tŒj xf], o;n] ;j{k|yd dfgl;s zLtntf k|bfg u5{ eGg] ;f]r p;sf] /x]sf] s'/f JoQm u/]sL 5g\ .

       ;dfh, ;d"x, l;4fGt cflb k|]deGbf dxŒjk"0f{ rLh x'g\, k|]d To;kl5sf] xf] eg]/ ;/nf k|]dnfO{ uf}0f ;DemG5] . cfˆgf] k|]dnfO{ klxrfg u/] tfklg l;4fGtk|lt c6n /x]sf ;d/hLk|lt pm ;Gt'i6 b]lvG5] .[52]

       cGtd'{vL sL ;/nf cfˆgf wf/0ff JoQm ug{ ;lSbg, pm cfˆgf wf/0ffnfO{ cfkm}leq u'D;fP/ /fVg klg ;lSbg, JoQm ug{ klg ;lSbg . b'Mvdo hLjgsf] cGTo d[To' / d[To'kl5 dxfz"Gotf eGg] b'O{ ;f]rfOdf g} pkGof;sL kfq ;/nfsf] ;f]r Pjd\ pkGof;sf] ;f/ /x]sf] bfjf pgn] u/]sL 5g\ . 3fd–kfgL a]xf]b}{ d[To'sf] k|tLIffdf /x]sL kfl/hftsf] k|ltR5fof gflosf ;/nfdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . kfl/hftsf pkGof;sf gflosfx¿df pgsf] 5fof5lj kfOG5 eg]/ pgn] cledt JoQm u/]sL 5g\ .

#=@=@=!^ g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{

       g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{n] kfl/hftsf] hLjg syf -@)%&_ df kfl/hftsf] hLjg Pjd\ n]vg;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifoj:t'x¿ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] k[i7e"ld n]vdf bflh{lnªsf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{sf ;fy} ToxfFsf snf–;flxTo If]qsf k|ltefx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] lhGbufgL df kfl/hftsf] hGd, lszf]/fj:yf, o'jfsfn, cWoog Pjd\ /f]usf ;fy} pgsf] lgwgsf] af/]df ljleGg tYox¿ k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] JolQmTj / To;sf ljz]iftf df pgsf] zfl//Ls :j¿k, ?rL, cf:yf Pjd\ :jefjsf af/]df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . pgsf] afdkGyL /fhgLlts cf:yfk|lt cfkm"nfO{ lrQ ga'em]sf] s'/fnfO{ b]vfPsf 5g\ . pgnfO{ l76, c6]/Lkg, ha{h:tLkg / Psxf]/f] c8fg gfgLb]lv nfu]sf] afgL ePsf] cf/f]k;d]t nufPsf 5g\ . pgsf] k|z+;fsf zAbx¿ vr]{ tfklg pgsf] ljrf/nfO{ sd dxŒj lbg] sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] kfl/jfl/s hLjg df pgsf] kl/jf/, gftfuf]tf / pgLx¿;Fusf] ;DaGwsf] af/]df rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] hLjgdf ;'sGof gfds n]vdf kfl/hftsf] hLjgdf ;'sGofsf] :yfg dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] s'/f JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] cfly{s l:ylt df kfl/hftsf] cfly{s cj:yf ;an gePsf] atfOUPsf] 5 .

       ;flxlTos l;4fGt, /fNkmfdf cu'jfO{, ;ª\u7gfTds k|j[lQ, /fhg}lts wf/0ff, dg kg]{ / gkg]{ ;|i6fx¿, zª\s/ nfld5fg];Fusf] ;DaGw, k|]d / of}gsf] k|;ª\ux¿ hLjgdf ptf/r9fj, cfnf]rgf / ;Ddfg, s[lt cflb ljleGg zLif{sdf kfl/hftsf af/]df ljleGg kIfx¿ b]vfpg] sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@=!& s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL

       s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnLn] cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft -@)%*_ s[ltdf kfl/hftsf] cfVofg n]vgsf ljljw kIfdfly k|sfz kf/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf pkGof;x¿sf cfVofg ;dfhleq}af6 l6lkPsf ;fdflhs tyf dgf]j}1flgs oyfy{df cfwfl/t b]lvG5g\ . lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;df :j}/sNkgfsf] 5gs b]lvP klg Tof] :j}/sNkgfTds cfVofg xf]Og . To;kl5sf pkGof;x¿df ;dfhsf lj;Ëlt, ljs[lt, c;Gt'li6, s'07f, zf]if0f, c;dfgtf, hftLo e]befj, juL{o åGåx¿s} pb\3f6gsf nflu pgsf pkGof;sf syfgsx¿ k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnL hghLjgsf lgs[i6tdb]lv pTs[i6td ;+j]bgfn] pgsf cfVofg tof/ ePsf b]lvG5g\ .[53]

       rl/q lgdf{0fsf] ljlzi6tf kfl/hftsf pkGof;sf] 7"nf] k|flKt xf] . pgsf pkGof;x¿df rl/qnfO{ hLjGt / k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of; ePsf] kfOG5 . bfz{lgstf kf/hftsf] pkGof;sf] cleGg / ;zQm kIf xf] . hLjgef]ufO / cWoogsf qmddf h]–h:tf] bz{gk|lt cf:yf / ljZjf; /flvg\, To;nfO{ k"0f{ OdfGbfl/tfsf pkGof;x¿df k|:t't u/]sf] s'/f n]vsåon] cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ .      kfl/hftsf pkGof;x¿df z}nLut rdTsf/ kfOG5 . pgsf pkGof;x¿df z}nLsf] rdTsf/ / pTs[i6 3gTj kfOG5 . pgsf pkGof;x¿ cfsfzsf b[li6n] ;fgf eP klg o'uaf]wsf b[li6n] 7"nf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf hDdf rf/j6f syf;ª\u|xx¿nfO{ ltgdf k|ltlalDat bfz{lgs d"No / k|j[lQsf cfwf/df d'Vo b'O{ efudf afF8L rf/ r/0fdf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . k"jfw{ efu @)@!–@)#@ 5 eg] To;sf] k|yd r/0f @)@!–@)@% / bf];|f] r/0f @)@^–@)#@ ;Dd lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQ/f4{ efu @)##–@)$( ;Dd ljefhg ul/Psf]df t[tLo r/0f @)##–@)$# ;Dd / rt'y{ r/0f @)$$–@)$( ;Dd ljeflht ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

       cflbd b]z leqsf afx| syfx¿ k|yd r/0fdf kb{5g\ . o; r/0fsf syfx¿df kfl/hftsf dgdf s'l07t /x]sf efjgfx¿ / ljZj;flxTodf 5fUPsf] lj;Ëltjfbåf/f k|]l/t cleJolQm kfOG5 . lszf]/L kfl/hftnfO{ /f]un] u|l;t agfO{ eljio cGwsf/do ePsf] cg'e"lt x'Fbfsf s'07f, ljt[i0ffnfO{ a9L j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 eg] o'jtL kfl/hftn] /f]uaf6 s]xL dfqfdf 5'6sf/f kfpFbf cfˆgf] hLjgsf] cl:tTj / dfgjLo d"NonfO{ s]nfPsf s'/f cf+lzs ¿kdf cfPsf] n]vsn] JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @)@# kl5 /fNkmf cfGbf]ngdf nfu]sf] kfl/hftsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf syfx¿ lj;ËltjfbLsf ;fy} lg:;f/tfjfbL klg 5g\ . hLjgsf] cy{ 5}g / lg/y{s arfO g} xfd|f] hLjg xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ kfl/hftsf /fNkmfnL syfn] bzf{Psf 5g\ . of}g :jtGqtfsf] kIfdf jsfnt ul/Psf lSni6 csyfsf] ;[hgf pgsf] o; r/0fsf] pknlAw xf] .

       kfl/hftsf] syfofqfsf] t];|f] r/0fdf ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfF;' -@)$#_ k|sflzt
x'G5 . dfS;{jfbL lrGtg cjnDag / /f]usf] ;fdfGo /f]uyfd ePsf]n] To;sf] k|ToIf 5fk o; r/0fsf syfdf k/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf t];|f] r/0fsf syfx¿ k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf k|v/ gd'gf x'g\ .

       rf}yf] r/0fdf kfl/hft ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL syfsf/sf ¿kdf b]lvPsL 5g\ . o; r/0fdf pgsf] jwzfnf hfFbf cfpFbf -@)$(_ k|sflzt x'G5 . hDdf ;ftj6f syf eP klg ;flxlTos d"No / dfGotfsf b[li6n] tL ul/dfdo 5g\ . z}nLdf kl/isf/, j:t'sf] gf6sLs/0f / efj;+of]hgdf lgvf/ o; r/0fsf syfsf] d"n k|j[lQ xf] . o; s[ltdf syf / pkGof;sf ljifodf kfl/hftsf] ;du| cWoog ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . hLjgL v08, syf v08 / pkGof; v08n] o; k"j{ ePsf cWoog eGbf leGg j:t'jfbL cWoog k|dfl0fs ¿kdf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

#=@=@=!* uª\ufk|;fb pk|]tL

       uª\ufk|;fb pk|]tL, JolQm, s[lt / k|j[lQ - @)%*_ gfds s[ltdf kfl/hftsf] ;f}Gbo{ lrGtgsf] ljsf;qmd gfds n]vdf kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos n]vgsf] ljsf;qmd / pgsf] ljrf/d"Nosf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg ub{5g\ .

       pgL kfl/hftnfO{ b]jsf]6fkl5sf ;jf{lws rlr{t, ax'cfnf]lrt ;flxTosf/sf ¿kdf lnG5g\ . kIf–ljkIfdf ePsf rrf{åf/f Pp6f ;flxTosf/ ax'rlr{t x'g' p;sf] nflu ;f}efUosf] s'/f ePsf] s'/f JoQm ub{5g\ . s'g} vf; ljz]iftf geO{ ;flxTosf/ rrf{sf] lzv/df k'Ub}g . kfl/hftdf klg ;dsfnLg ;|i6fsf t'ngfdf s]xL clt ljz]iftf ePsf sf/0f pgnfO{ rrf{sf] lzv/df k'ufPsf] l6Kk0fL ub{5g\ .

       o'jf nx8, gofF cfsf+Iff / :jR5Gb hLjgk|ltsf] cfu|xn] u|:t o'jfk':tfsf ;flxTosf/x¿sf] ;+;u{n] / k|]/0ffn] kfl/hftsf] k|f/lDes lrGtgnfO{ j:t'ut oyfy{eGbf dgf]ut oyfy{n] k|efljt u/]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)!& ;fnkl5sf lbgdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf, /fhgLltdf b]vf k/]sf cGof}nsf] k|efj kfl/hftdf klg k/]sf] kfOG5 . kmn:j¿k ;flxTodf lghL s'07f, j}olQms ljb|f]x, lg/fzf tyf ;dfh lg/k]If sf/0faf6 hlGdPsf] a'l4jfbL lg:;f/ lrGtgn] s]xL ;do k|ltlglw lrGtg aGg] cj;/ kfof] . kfl/hftdf o;sf] k|efj Psflt/ b]lvG5 eg] csf]{lt/ JolQmut hLjgdf /f]usf sf/0f ef]Ug'k/]sf si6sf sf/0f klg pgsf] lrGtgdf k|efj kf¥of] .[54]

       lj=;+= @)@* kl5 k~rfot lj/f]wL ;ª\3if{ t]h ePsf] / @)#^ ;fnsf] 36gfx¿n] g]kfnL /fhgLltdf h'g vfn] pynk'yn Nofof], To;n] ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf hgzlQmsf] e"ldsf / ToxL e"ldsfn] hLjgsf] ;sf/fTds d"No :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg] r]t g]kfnLx¿df cfof] . Oltxf;sf oL 36gfx¿sf] k|efj kfl/hftdf klg kb}{ cfPsf] / pgsf] ;f}Gbo{lrGtgdf cfPsf ljljw df]8x¿sf] lbzf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s'/f pk|]tLn] atfPsf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf] k|f/lDes r/0f Oltxf;sf 36gfqmdeGbf pgsf lghL :jefj, pgdf x's]{sf] cGtd'{vLkg / cfˆgf ?rL cg'¿k ul/g] k':tsLo cWoogaf6 k|fKt 1fgn] Hofbf k|efljt ePsf] x'gfn] pgsf] of] a]nfsf] lrGtg clwstd dgf]ut b]lvG5 .

       k|]d / efj'stfn] clt/l~ht ;'gf}nf hLjgsf] rfxgf km'Nb} u/]sf] of] a]nfdf afwf /f]un] s}bL x'g'kbf{ / o;sf] plrt pkrf/ b]vf gkbf{ pgdf hLjgk|lt ljt[i0ff pTkGg eof] / pgsf] sNkgfzLn af}l4stfn] Tof] ljt[i0ffnfO{ hLjgsf] lg:;f/ d"Nodf u|x0f u¥of] . hLjgnfO{ lg:;f/ / z"Go dfGg] kfl/hft Oltxf;sf qmddf ljb|f]xL aGb} aL;sf] bzsel/ lqmofzLn ePsf] kfOG5 . tL; / rfln;sf] bzsdf d'n'sdf 36]sf 36gfn] pgsf] hLjgdf ;sf/fTds d"Noaf]w u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . tL;sf] bzscl3sL kfl/hft / rfln;sf] bzskl5sL kfl/hftsf hLjgb[li6sf k"0f{t ljkl/t w'||jLo ¿k b]lvG5g\ .

       afNosfnb]lv g} :jefjn] c/fhstfjfbL kfl/hftn] dgf]ut ¿kdf lgZsif{ lgsfn]/ afa'sf] ;Nnfx ljkl/t sfd u/]/ cfgGb lnPsf] kfOG5 . pgsf] ;flxTo /rgf tyf lrGtg k|lqmofdf klg o;sf] k|efj kfOG5 . pgsf k|f/lDes /rgfdf o:tf] efj's c/fhstf d"n cfjfh ag]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)!$ ;fnb]lv @)#) ;Dd kfl/hftsf] ;f}Gbo{lrGtgsf] d"n ljifoj:t' dgf]ut c/fhstfjfbL /x]sf] lgZsif{ pgn] lgsfn]sf 5g\ .

       pgsf] of] cjlwdf tLg a]Un} k|j[lQ kg]{ s'/f pk|]tLn] cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . k|f/lDes n]vgsfndf pgsf] of}jgsf] /f]dfG;]nL nx8, hLjgsf sNkgfzLn rfxgfn] sljtfdf k|]dofrgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgn] rfxgf u/]sf] gfos ;fdfGo lyPg . pgsf] k|]dsf] kl/efiff ;/neGbf hl6n / a'l4jfbL lyof] . To;}n] ;fdfGo gfosk|lt pgsf] cle?rL lyPg / oxL hl6ntfn] pgsf] k|]d 6'6]sf] lyof] . pgsf] of] sNkgfzLn :jR5GbtfjfbL lrGtg @)!* ;Dd dfq /xG5 .

       lj=;+= @)!(–@)@! sf] ;dofjlw kfl/hftn] cToGt sl7g ¿kdf latfpg' k/]sf] b]lvG5 . Psflt/ JolQmut hLjgdf /f]usf sf/0f ef]Ug' k/]sf] sl7gfO{ b]lvG5 eg] csf]{lt/ tTsfnLg /fhgLltn] lgDTofPsf] lg/fzfn] pgsf] lrGtgdf k|efj kfb{5 . o; cjlwsf] lrGtg k|lqmof g} clt JolQms]lGb|t, lg/fzf / lj;Ëltsf] k}/jL ug]{ lsl;dsf] b]lvG5 . h;sf] k|ToIf k|efj kfl/hftdf kfOG5 .

       kfl/hftsf] o; a]nfsf] r/d lg/fzfjfbL n]vgsf] ho hosf/ ug]{x¿ b]lvP eg] To;nfO{ v08g ug]{x¿ klg b]lvP . kfl/hftn] lg:;f/ cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgaf6 km8\sf] dfb}{ kl/l:ylthGo ljifdtf lj?4 efj's ljb|f]x ug]{ ljb|f]xLsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] kfOG5 .

       lj=;+= @)@( df k|sflzt a}+;sf] dfG5] df cfP/ kfl/hftdf j}olQms ljb|f]xjfbL lrGtg b]vf kb{5 . of]Uo gfossf] s'l07t rfxgfn] pgdf JolQmk|ltsf] k|efj / jL/k"hfsf] cfu|xn] ;'?df pgsf] cfbz{jfbL sNkgfsf] gfos clt rdTsf/L r] Uj]ef/f ePsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df pgL cgf:yf, lj+ult / lg:;f/tfsf] ljsNk vf]Hg k'lU5g\ / /fNkmf;Fu cfa4 x'lG5g\ . /fNkmf / ltgn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] s'g} :ki6 lrGtg lyPg . kl5 kfl/hft of] df]8 klg kf/ ub}{ ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL lrGtg pGd'v x'g yfn]sf] s'/f pk|]tLn] cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

       lj=;+= @)#) ;fnb]lv @)%) ;fn;Dd pgdf ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL lrGtgtkm{sf] n]vg kfOG5 . ;'?df ;fdflhs oyfy{k|lt cfnf]rs /x]sL kfl/hft kl5 ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fk|lt cfslif{t x'Fb} cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f km/flsnf] kfb}{ uPsL 5g\ . tL;sf] bzsel/ h'g k|sf/n] kfl/hftsf] hLjgd'vL lrGtg ljsf;zLn /Xof], To;sf] ult rfln;sf] bzssf] cGtlt/ cfP/ s]xL lwdf ePsf] tYo cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

       lj=;+= @)#) b]lv @)#% ;Ddsf pgsf s[ltdf juL{o k|lta4tf;lxt åGbfTds ef}ltstfjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg 36gfqmdnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ;s];Dd ;+of]hg ug{ vf]lhPsf] eP klg oyfl:yltsf] lj:yfkgdf qmflGtsf/L cfzfjfb Jojl:yt eP/ cleJoQm ePsf] kfOGg . ;dfhjfbL oyfy{ pGd'v eP/ klg of] r/0fdf pgL cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL n]lvsfsf] ¿kdf b]lvlG5g\ .

       lj=;+= @)#% kl5 kfl/hftdf qmdzM kl/isf/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;dosf pgsf /rgfdf qmflGtsf/L cfzfjfb b]vf kb{5 . rfln;sf] bzs;Dd pgdf of] k|j[lQ b]vf kb{5 . rfln;sf] bzskl5 pgdf k"j{jtL{ lrGtgn] 7fpF kfPsf] b]lvG5 . sltko ;dfnf]rsn] o;nfO{ pgsf] ljrng eg] tfklg o;nfO{ ljrng geg]/ sdhf]/L dfGg ;lsg] tkm{ pk|]tLn] u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] j}rfl/s kl/jt{g gePsf]n] l;w} cf/f]k nufpg 7Ls gx'g]tkm{ pgn] ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@=!( s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL

       s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nLn] ;Demgfsf lIflthdf -@)%(_ df kfl/hftnfO{ ;DemFbf gfds ;+:d/0ffTds n]vdf kfl/hft;Fusf :d[lt Pjd\ cfˆgf cg'e"ltx¿nfO{ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hft;Fu slxn]b]lv e]t eof], ;Demg ufx|f] ePsf] t/ kfl/hft /fd|f] sljtf n]lV5g\ eg]/ rrf{ rn]sf]df cfkm"n] klg pgsf sljtfx¿ k9\g] u/]sf s'/f atfPsf 5g\ .

       k|1f k|lti7fgsf] sljtf klqsfsf l;nl;nfdf Pslbg slj l;l4r/0f;Fu kfl/hftnfO{ e]6\g uPsf], s'/fsfgL ePsf] t/ pgL afy /f]un] s'FhL eP/ z/L/ rNg g;Sg] l:ylt b]Vbf cfkm"nfO{ b'Mv nfu]sf] eg]sf 5g\ .

       lq=lj= df ;Fu} sfd ubf{ cfgGbb]j e§n] pT;fx klqsfdf sfd ug{ cfu|x ubf{ cfkm"n] l:jsf/]sf] / ;f]xL ;Gbe{df kfl/hft sxfF hfFbf km]l/ ;Dks{ hf]l8Psf] cg'ej atfPsf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf clwsf+z sljtf d'Qms z}nLdf n]lvPsf 5g\ . ltgdf Ps k|sf/sf] emGsf/ kfOG5, h'g emGsf/df cGt/nofTds uTofTdstfsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsG5 . efjnfO{ hlt ;Sof], plt ;+j]B tyf ;Dk|]if0fLo agfpg ;Sg' sljsf] s'zntf xf] . Tof] s'zntf kfl/hftdf 5 . o;}n] pgsf sljtf k9\bf hLjg rndnfPh:tf] / dg ;nanfPh:tf] nfU5 . kfl/hft h] eGg vf]lH5g\, leq};Dd 5f]P/ elG5g\ .[55]

       kfl/hftsf k|ultjfbL s]xL syf ;8s / k|ltef df klg k/]sf 5g\ . To;kl5 ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfF;' n] o; wf/0ffnfO{ cem cFufn]/ pgnfO{ g]kfnL syfIf]qdf lgs} prfOdf k'¥ofof] . o;df g]kfnL hLjg 5, g]kfnL 5f]/Lr]nLsf] cfTdsyf 5 . o:t} pgsf w]/} syf g]kfnL ;dfhsf hLjGt lrq0f ePsf 5g\ .

       cfkm"n] kfl/hftsf ;a} syf / pkGof; k9\g gkfPsf] t/ h] hlt k9]sf] To;df uLltsyfsf] k|jfx cfO/xg] h:tf] cg'ej x'g] s'/f bfjf u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf syf jf pkGof;df g]kfnL hghLjgsf] k|ltlaDag x'g] / kl5Nnf] r/0fdf n]lvPsf pgsf syf / pkGof;n] hLjgsf] :j/nfO{ cem glhsaf6 l6k]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . b]zdf pHofnf] cfPsf] x]g{ rfxg] kfl/hft c:j:y eO5g\ . cfSsnem'Ssn kmf]gdf ;f]wk'5 jf s'g} vf; sfo{qmddf e]t x'GYof] . oxL c;f/ !) ut] ;fFem kfl/hft sxfF hfg cg's"n ldn]/ o'jfslj an/fd a~rf/f;Fu kfl/hftnfO{ e]6\g uPsf] k|;+u atfPsf 5g\ .

       kfl/hft :jod Pp6f v'nf k':ts xf] . pgL :ki6 / lgeL{s 5g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] l;h{gf / ;fwgfdf pgn] w]/} a;Gt, jiff{ / lxpFb s6fPsL 5g\ . To;}n] pgL cfˆgf s[ltx¿df lkmFlhPsL 5g\ . n]v]/ dfq x'Fb}g, cfˆgf kf7sx¿df leHg ;Sg' 7"nf] s'/f xf] . kfl/hft cfˆgf] 5'§} z}nLut ljz]iftf, j}rfl/s ;zQmtf / k|ultd'vL ;flxTo r]tgfn] ;'kl/lrt, ;'k|l;4 n]lvsf ePsf] / pgL g]kfnL ;flxTosf] r'nL 5'g ;Sg] o; o'usL 7"nL n]lvsf x'g\ eg]/ bfjf u/]sf 5g\ .

       To;/L g} km]/L kfl/hftnfO{ ;DemFbf n]vdf kfl/hft lat]kl5sf lbgdf pgsf] ;Demgf cfPsf] k|;+u pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       @)$( ;fn sflt{s !% ut] ag]kfdf kfl/hft ljz]iffª\s kfl/hftnfO{ ck{0f ug]{ sfo{qmd ag]kfdf ;DkGg ePsf] / To;df cfkm" klg ;xefuL ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . hgdt sf ;Dkfbs df]xg b'jfnsf] :jfut / s]bf/dfg Jolytåf/f pb\3f6g ul/Psf] ;f] ;df/f]xdf jftfj/0f ;'vb / pNnf;do /x]sf] ;+:d/0f JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hft la/fdL x'Fbf cfkm" e]6\g uPsf] / To;sf] s]xL lbgkl5 pgsf] d[To' ePsf] k|;+u cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf] ;+sNkdf b[9 kfl/hftn] cfˆgf clGtd OR5f klg ToxL cg'¿k JoQm u/]sL /lx5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] pGglt / k|ult rfxg] kfl/hftsf] zj dlxnfx¿n] p7fPsf] / :joDe"df k'¥ofP/ bfx;+:sf/ ul/Psf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       sltko ljb]zLn] gful/stf kfO/x]sf], g]kfndf k"jL{ g]kfnsf] r}gk'/ k'Vof}{nL 3/ ePsL, bflh{lnªdf hGd]sL g]kfnL 5f]/L kfl/hftn] rfln;f}+ jif{ g]kfndf latfP tfklg gful/stf gkfpg' b'Mvb ePsf] ljrf/ cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hft a}+;fn' jt{dfg x'g\ . jt{dfgdf hLjGt l5g\ / c¿nfO{ klg hLjGt x'g] jf0fL lbP/ uPsL l5g\ . pgn] km"nfPsf] kfl/hft oxLF j/k/ 5l/Psf] 5 / Tof] ;Fw} dudufO/xg] ljZjf; k/fh'nLn] /fv]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@=@) s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg

       s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfgn] s[lt cjnf]sg -@)%(_ s[ltdf cf}krfl/s pkGof; / ;Daf]lwt eljio af]gL gfds n]vdf af]gL sltkon] syf / pkGof; s;}n] b'j} eGg] u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . k|f0fLx¿ k'?if / dlxnf b'j} x'g ;Sg] t/ ;flxlTos ljwf b'j} x'g g;Sg] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ .

       cfh ljwfx¿sf] ;fFw eTsb} uPsf] / k/Dk/fut kl/ldtLdf afFRg g;Sg] k/Dk/f / cfofdx¿ JoflKtdf ;d]l6g yfn]sf] k|;+u pNn]v ub}{ hLjgsf] ax'cfofldstf / ef]ufOnfO{ ;Dk|]lift ug]{ ltI0f ;+j]bgfTds dfWodx¿sf] vf]hLdf ljwfx¿sf] ;fFwnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg]{ jf Ps csf{;Fu ufFl;P/ klxrfg ;lxt k|:t't x'g] lbzfdf o;nfO{ ;|i6fsf] ;r]t / hfu?s k|oTg 7fg]sf 5g\ .

       cfofltt km];g, ;f}Gbo{–k|bz{g, nfu' kbfy{sf] ;]jgnfO{ cfw'lgstf ;Dem]/ To; cg'¿k vfg]–nufpg]–lxF8\g] lszf]/josf a}+zfn' s]6Lx¿sf] pR5[ª\vn / agfj6L cfr/0fsf] lrq0fdf af]gL ;}4flGts 5 .[56] o;sf/0f af]gL rl/qk|wfg pkGof; elgPsf] / o:t} 36gfdf h]lnP/ ltgsf] syfTds lgZsif{åf/f s'g} nlIft kl/0ffd xfl;n ug]{ tf/tDok"0f{ syfgs klg o;sf] gePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       af]gL ljrf/åf/f ;ª\3l6t lj36gzLn cfr/0fsf] ;fdlostfdf lgld{t pkGof; x'gfn] rl/q / 36gfn] pNn]vgLo 7fpF kfPsf] 5}g . o;/L x]bf{ of] pkGof; h:tf] gnfUg' :jefljs      xf] . syfljxLg syf nfUg] lgaGwfTdstf o;sf] 5 . syfxLgtfn] ubf{ pkGof; nfUg] j}rfl/stf o;nfO{ afFWg] jf pGg] ;'q xf] . o;sf/0f s'g} l;ª\uf] syfdf :j?lkt x'g] b[Zo, hLjgsf] hl6ntf, 3ft–k|lt3ft, åGå tyf ljZn]if0f cflb s]xL klg cjnf]lst 5}g .

       af]gL lgaGwfTds z}nLsf] kqfTds pkGof; xf] . csf{sf] nufP/, lnP/, c¿sf] e/df afFr]/, cfkm"nfO{ klg ;f]xL ;/x dfGb} c¿nfO{ x]Kg], 3[0ff ug]{ k|j[lQn] slxNo} klg enf] ub}{g eGg] ;Gb]z cleJoQm u/]sf] 5 .

       pkGof;sf/nfO{ dfG5] kl/l:yltn] hGdfpg] / kl/l:ylt dfG5]n] hGdfpg] pNn]v ub}{ af]gL kl/l:yltsf] pkh xf] eg]/ eg]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] k"jfw{sf] lzNk;r]t sfJofTds uB;f}Gbo{ / pQ/f4{sf] k|ultjfbL j}rfl/s dnhnsf] ;+of]hg o; pkGof;df kfOG5 . cy{xLg ;dflKt / unt af6f] nfUg]x¿k|lt b'Mv, ;xfg'e"lt;lxt cleefjsLo ;r]ttf c+ufNg k'u]sf] o; pkGof;n] s'nt / s';+:sf/af6 k|efljt eP/ cfˆgf] af6f] e'Ng]x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOG5 .

#=@=@=@! uf]kLGb| kf}8]n

       uf]kLGb| kf}8]nn] ;f}Gbo{af]w / ;dLIf ljljw -@)%(_ gfds k':tsdf j}lzi7\out ;j]{If0fsf ;Gbe{df kfl/hftsf] a}+;fn' jt{dfg gfds ;dfnf]rgfTds n]v k|sflzt u/fPsf  5g\ .

       bflh{lnªdf hlGdP/ @)!! ;fnlt/ g]kfn k|j]z u/]sL kfl/hft cfˆg} n]vsLo hLjgsf] k"jf{4{df emfFluPsf] ?U0f dfgl;stf lj?4 ;ª\3if{ ub}{ :j:y Pjd\ o'uLg oyfy{tkm{ pGd'v /x]sL b]lvlG5g\ . kl/df0ftM kfl/hftsf] k"jf{4{ r/0fsf] cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL hLjgb[li6n] kN6f vfG5 / pgL k|ultjfbL ;flxTo–l;h{gfsf d'ne"t dfGotf tyf k|:yfkgfnfO{ cª\uLsf/ ub{l5g\ .

       tL;sf] bzsb]lv kfl/hftleq cª\s'/fPsf] hLjgjfbL b[li6, kl/jt{gwdL{ ljrf/ tyf qmflGtr]t qmdzM k|an x'Fb} cfP klg Tof] kl/kfsdf k'Ug gkfpFb} k'gM hLjgsf] cGtlt/ n]vsLo :jtGqtfsf] cfu|xsf ;fy pgdf ljrng cfPsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       j}rfl/s kl/jt{gsf] ;ª\3f/df plePsL kfl/hftsf oL tLg sljtf;ª\u|xdf j:t'ljGof;sf b[li6n] km/s–km/s b]vf k/]sf] 5 . cfsf+Iff df gf/L dgsf cfsf+Iff, cle?rL, k|]d jf;gf, r~rntf tyf /f]df~r cflbsf] cleJolQm kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf sljtf lj;ËltjfbL–cl:tTjjfbL hLjg b[li6sf] rfkdf k/]sf] 5 eg] a}+;fn' jt{dfg df c¿ s[lteGbf a]Un} vfn] cfzfjfbL, hLjgjfbL, kl/jt{gwdL{ ljrf/ cfPsf] kfOG5 .

       a}+;fn' jt{dfg ljkGg juL{o hLjgsf] j:t';Ddt Oltj[t k|:t't ug]{ sfJojfl6sf
xf] . h;df lg/k]Io gf/Ljfbsf] jsfnt ul/Psf] geO{ g]kfnL gf/Lhfltsf ;d:ofnfO{ g]kfnL ;dfh / ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfsf ;fk]Iotfdf ;fdflGos[t u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . d"ntM gf/L ;d:ofnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' agfPsf sljtfdf gf/L hfltn] ef]Ug'k/]sf cfly{s–;fdflhs lj;Ëltb]lv lnP/ k/Dk/fut kl/kf6Ln] k|bfg u/]sf ;Lldt :jtGqtf / c;Lldt bf;tfleq /GylgPsL gf/Ldfly k'?ifåf/f x'g] hftLo zf]if0f tyf kfzljs lqmofsnfk / Jojxf/sf] :ki6 t:jL/ ptfl/Psf] 5 .[57] jt{dfgsf] lj;ª\ut oyfy{ / gf/Ldfly x'g] u/]sf pTkL8gnfO{ lgld6\ofGg kfg]{ vfnsf] ;r]tgf gf/L ;d:ofnfO{ d"n ljifo agfP/ n]lvPsf sljtf k9\bf yfxf x'G5 . ;[li6sf] d"nsf ¿kdf ;Ddflgt x'g'kg]{ dlxnfx¿ k'?ifsf] bf;tf / anfTsf/ ;x]/ afFRg' kg]{ ktgzLn ;fdflhs kl/j]zn] ubf{ cfd gf/Lsf] hLjg IftljIft ePsf] oyfy{nfO{ sljtfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

       ljut / jt{dfgsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, tyf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] hl6n tyf ljifdtfsf sf/0f l;lh{Psf] cGof]n, c/fhstf tyf c;dfgtfsf] kqkqsf] ;dli6 g} jt{dfgsf] ljb|'k oyfy{ xf] eg] ToxL oyfy{nfO{ lr/]/ ;ª\ultk"0f{, ;d'Ggt tyf lzi6 ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] cfu|x g} o;;ª\u|xsf sljtfsf] d"n sYo b]lvG5 .

       lj;Ëlt, cGwljZjf;, ;f];{kmf];{, kl;gf, /ut, lah'nL, cNsf]xn, b]z / ;Dk|e'tf tyf r]tgzLntf;d]t /x]sf] g]kfn¿kL cfw'lgs e08f/af6 r]tgzLntf lalqm g} gug]{ s'/fsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . kfl/hftsf] /fi6«k|]dL efjgf cleJoQm ePsf] cledt k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf clwsf+z sljtfx¿ ;j{xf/f juL{o qmflGtr]tn] 5f]OPsf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] lrGtg / ljrf/df cfPsf kl/jt{gs} kl/jt{g :j¿k k|ultjfbL r/0fdf cfOk'u]sf] rrf{ ub}{ Tof] :jefljs} ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;flxTonfO{ ju{lg/k]Iftfsf] s;Ldf 3f]6]/ /fVg] cjwf/0ff hglj/f]wL tyf oyfl:yltjfbL lrGtgsf] pkh xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df kfl/hftsf] d"n k|:yfglaGb' jt{dfgsf] oyfy{ xf] eg] uGtJolaGb' rfFxL ;'Gb/ ;dfhsf] ;f]/f]km]/f] xf] .

       kfl/hftsf] n]vgdf k"jf{4{ lrGtgsf] cjz]if k"0f{tM lj:yflkt x'g g;s] tfklg si6k|b hLjgofqf, pTs6 clenfiff tyf :jfledfg / ;dk{0fsf] kl/0flt :j¿k n]vsLo hLjgsf] pQ/f4{df xfjL ePsf] k|ultjfbL ljrf/ / lrGtg cg'¿k /lrPsf] a}+;fn' jt{dfg nfO{ dxQd pknAwL dfGg ;lsg] cledt /fVb} hLjg / hutnfO{ x]g]{ åGbfTds k4lt cg'¿k l;lh{Psf sljtfx¿sf] k|:t't;ª\u|xnfO{ :j/ / ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] ;kmn dfGg ;lsg] 7f]s'jf u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@=@@ lji0f' k|eft

     विष्णु प्रभातले पारिजात र हरिमाया -२०५९_ मा यही शीर्षकभित्र पारिजातको संक्षिप्त जीवनी तथा उनको समाजवादी निष्ठाप्रति विवेचना गरेका छन् । निबन्धात्मक रूपमा रहेको उक्त रचनामा प्रभातले पारिजातको निष्ठालाई विश्लेषण गर्दै विभ्रमको अवस्थामा रूपान्तरित स्थिति दर्शाएर अर्काे पात्र हरिमायासँग तुलना गरेका छन् । पारिजातले निधनका बेला सिरानीमा लेनिनको तस्वीर राखेको र हरिमायाले कृष्णको तस्वीर सिरानीमा लिएको दुई पृथक आस्थाको चर्चा गरी पारिजातको वैचारिकता केलाइएको छ ।

         To:t} lji0f' k|eftn] efg' -@)%^_ df ækfl/hftsf] lgaGwsnfÆ zLif{ssf] ;dLIffdf kfl/hftsf] JolStTjsf] rrf{ / d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] kfOG5 . kfl/hft :jo+n] lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] k"g{d"Nofª\sg u/L ælg:;f/ / 3f]/ k/kL8s pkGof;Æ eg]sf] k|;ª\usf cltl/St kfl/hftsf] lgaGwsfl/tf ;DaGwL ljZn]if0f u/L tLgj6f lgaGwfTds s[ltsf] cfwf/df pgsf] cleJolSt snfsf}zn hfFlrPsf] 5 . kfl/hftsf] cfTdk/s n]vgleq j:t'k/stf /x]sf] tYo cf}+NofpFb} ts{zLntf, ;f+:s[lts d"Noaf]w / j}rfl/s k|lta4tfn] pgsf] n]vgsnfsf] pQ/f4{ ;dsfnLg ljZj kl/j]z;Fu} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{ cª\sgdf ;kmntf kfPsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@=@# vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n

       vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]nn] sljtf l;4fGt / g]kfnL sljtfsf] Oltxf; -@)^)_ df kfl/hftsf] af/]df ;fdfGo rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .

       @)!# ;fndf w/tL klqsfdf tLg sljtfx¿ k|sflzt u/]/ sljtf n]vgtkm{ k|j[Q kfl/hftsf # j6f sljtfs[lt k|sflzt ePsf] / ltgdf d'Vot k|uLtfTds / s]xL gf6sLo sljtfsf];d]t l;h{gf u/]sf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] jl/i7 dlxnf ;flxTosf/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt kfl/hftsf] sljtfofqfsf] k|f/De :jR5Gbtfjfbaf6 eP klg :yfloTj k|ultjfbdf kfOG5 . cl3Nnf] ;dosf sljtfdf cl:ttjjfb / kl5Nnf ;dosf sljtfdf k|ultjfbL :j/ ;zQm ¿kdf u'l~hPsf] 5 .[58]

       gf/L;'ne ;+j]bgfsf] rsf]{ cleJolQm kfOg] kfl/hftsf sljtfdf dfgjtfjfb, oyfy{jfb, lj;Ëltjfb, gf/Ljfb cflbsf] cleJo~hgf ePsf] rrf{ ub}{ logsf sljtfdf lg:;f/tf, lg/fzf, s'07f, z"Gotf cflbsf] hLjGt k|:t'lt u/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . ljifoj:t'sf] af}l4s k|:t'lt / cleJolQmut gljgtfsf sf/0f logsf sljtfdf k|of]ujfbL lzNk :ki6 b]lvg] cledt k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ .

       ;/n, ;xh efiff / j0f{gfTds, kqfTds ljleGg z}nLdf kfl/hftn] cfsif{s, k|efjsf/L / ljlzi6 afGsLsf sljtf l;h{gf ug]{ kfl/hftn] uB sljtfdf d'Qmnosf] cfof]hg s'zntfk"j{s u/]sf] / pgsf ;a}h;f] uBsljtf nofTds / ;ª\uLtfTds u'0fn] cf]tk|f]t ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n / cGon] g]kfnL sljtf -@)%$_ df kfl/hftsf sljtfdf z"Gotf, lg:;f/tf, s'07f tyf lg/fzfk"0f{ cleJolQm kfOg] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . logsf s]xL sljtfdf sf]dn efjsf :ki6 kbfjnLo'Qm efiff z}nLdf sljtfTds efj JoQm ug]{ u/]sf] / :jR5GbtfjfbL k|ultjfbL sljloqL ¿kdf lrGg ;lsg] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=@=@$ 8L=kL= clwsf/L

       8L=kL= clwsf/Ln] g]kfnL pkGof; / hghLjg -@)^)_ s[ltdf g]kfnL pkGof;sf] k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddf kfl/hftsf pkGof;sf] klg ;fdfGo rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .

       g]kfnL pkGof; / hghLjg n]vdf g]kfnL ;fdflhs kl/j]zsf] lrq0f kfl/hftsf] a}+;sf] dfG5], clgbf] kxf8;Fu}, kvf{nleq / aflx/ s[ltx¿df ePsf] clwsf/L atfpF5g\ . To;/L g] g]kfnL ;flxTodf b]vfkg]{ s]xL k|j[lQx¿ n]vdf kl/jt{gdf cfpg ;'? u/]sf ;fdflhs ;DaGw / cGo rfl/lqs Jojxf/nfO{ klg cWoogdf lng]eGbf klg ljb|f]x / qmflGtsf] Psf]xf]/f] af]Ng] kfqnfO{ pEofpg] sfd kfl/hftsf] a}+;sf] dfG5], kvf{nleq / aflx/, p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] / clgbf] kxf8;Fu}df ePsf] clwsf/L bfjf ub{5g\ .

#=@=@=@% nLnf n'O6]n

       nLnf n'O6]nn] g]kfnL dlxnf syfsf/ -@)^)_ gfds ;dfnf]rgfTds u|Gydf kfl/hftsf] kl/ro lbg'sf ;fy} pgsf] syfofqfsf] r/0f ljefhg u/L ljZn]if0f u/]sL 5g\ . d"n ¿kdf cfVofgsf/sf ¿kdf kl/lrt kfl/hft pkGof; n]vgdf pTs[i6 /x]klg syfn]vgdf;d]t pNn]vgLo ePsf] hgfPsL 5g\ .

       k|j[lQut leGgtfsf cfwf/df kfl/hftsf] syfofqf b'O{ r/0fdf ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 . -c_ klxnf] r/0f -@)@!–@)@&_, -cf_ bf];|f] r/0f -@)@&–@)$(_ . klxnf] r/0fdf k|sflzt;ª\u|xx¿df cflbd b]z -@)@%_ / ;8s / k|ltef -@)#@_ x'g\ . cl:tTjjfbsf] k|yd k|of]u kfl/hftn] cfˆgf] klxnf] syf d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] df u/]sL 5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL syf ;flxTodf cl:tTjjfbsf] k|yd k|of]u oxL syfaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 . z"Goaf]w kfOg] logsf syfdf cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL bz{gsf] k|efj kfOG5 . of] a'4sf] z"Goaf]w geO{ cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL z"Goaf]w xf] .[59] syfgs IfL0f ePsf, Hofb} sd kfqsf] k|of]u ePsf logsf syfdf …dÚ kfqsf] k|of]u a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . /fNkmfsf] k|efj /x]sL kfl/hftsf] o; r/0fsf syfsf ljifoj:t' of}gs'07f / o;sf ljleGg kIfx¿ /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sL 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] syfofqfsf] bf];|f] r/0f @)@& ;fndf k|sflzt 3fd tfKbf syfaf6 ;'? x'G5 . dfS;{jfbL lrGtgnfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ o; r/0fsf syfx¿ n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . oL syfx¿df Psflt/ ;fdGtjfb, ;fd|fHojfb, pklgj]zjfb / b]zLo k|e'Tjjfbsf] lj/f]w ul/Psf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ b]zsf ul/a, lgd'vf, zf]lift kLl8t hgtfk|lt ;xfg'e"lt /fVb} pgLx¿sf] ;ª\3if{k|lt ;dy{g ul/Psf kfOG5 .[60]

       syfgs kl/k'i6tf kfOg] o; r/0fsf syf ;/n x'g'sf] ;fy} u|fdL0f / ;xl/of kl/j]zsf] lrq0f kfOg'sf] ;fy} ;/n 5g\ . efiffz}nLo ljGof;sf b[li6n] /f]rs / cfsif{0f gePsf efif0f, /fhgLlts n]v k9]h:tf] nfUg] syfx¿ ePsf] pNn]v u/]sL 5g\ . To:t} k|lts cfof]hgfsf b[li6n] eg] ;kmn ePsf] pNn]v 5 .

       cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL / k|ultjfbL wf/sf syf n]Vg] kfl/hftsf syfdf Psflt/ lj;ª\ut, ?U0f, x'tLxf/f kfq 5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ ;ª\3if{zLn kfqx¿ klg 5g\ . ljleGg kfl/eflifs zAbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf logsf syf eflifs ljrng kfOG5 . gf}nfgf}nf laDa / k|ltssf] k|of]u ul/Psf logsf syfn] g]kfnL syf ;flxTodf ;zQm k|of]uzLn syfsf/sf] ¿kdf lrgfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL dlxnf syfsf/sf] ¿kdf dfq geP/ l;ª\uf] g]kfnL syfsf] kmfF6df logsf] of]ubfg ljlzi6 ePsf] b[li6sf]0f n'OF6]nn] /fv]sL 5g\ .

#=@=@=@^ 8L=cf/= kf]v/]n

      8L=cf/= kf]v/]nn] kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos d"Nofª\sg -@)^@_ df kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf] ljljw kIfsf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hft s'g} ljz]if tŒjaf6 k|efljt eP/ ;flxTo If]qdf nfu]sf] geO{ pd]/hGo, lh1f;f / /x/x¿l;t nxl/Fb} hfFbf ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg ljrf/ / JolQmTjx¿nfO{ :jefljs ¿kn] cWoog ub}{ / cfˆgf ;flxlTos ?lr, dfGotf / bIftfsf] >Lj[l4 ub{{} cfPsf] s'/f kf]v/]n atfpF5g\ . 3/fo;L kl/l:ylt, bflh{lnªsf] tTsfnLg ;fdflhs kl/j]z, s8f cg'zf;g lk|o lktfhL / cfˆg} :jefj cflb s'/fsf] Psd'i6 ;fdflhs kl/j]zaf6 kfl/hft clek|]l/t eP/ lh1f;' aGb} cl3 a9]sf] tYo pgL cl3 ;f5{g\ .

       lj=;+= @)!( b]lv @)@# ;Ddsf] sfnv08 kfl/hftsf lglDt cToGt kL8fk"0f{ / si6sf/s /x] . oxL zfl//Ls–dfgl;s kL8fsf] cjlwdf kfl/hft ljZjsf a8]–a8] ljrf/x¿sf glhs k'lug\ . ;fq{, lss]{uf8{ / lgT;]sf o'ufGtsf/L ljrf/x¿af6 k|efljt eOg\ . af}4 bz{gsf z"GojfbL ;f]raf6 klg k|]l/t eOg\ . kL8f / k|]/0ffsf] oxL eLif0f åGåsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k lz/Lifsf] km"n aflx/ cfof] . dxfdf/Ls} cj:yfdf cf}iflwsf] vf]hL x'G5 eg]em}+ eoª\s/ kL8fsf] snfv08df g} kfl/hft ;jf{lws ¿kdf cleJoQm eOg\ .[61]

       /fNkmf ;Gtlt ;f+:s[lts cleofgaf6 kfl/hftdf ;fdflhs oyfy{af]w x'G5 . oyfy{jfbL, ;dfhjfbL lrGtsx¿l;t 7f]lsg k'lU5g\ / cfkm" sNkgfsf], cfbz{sf] / g}/fZosf] b'lgofFdf /x]5'

eGg] af]wn] emNofF:; x'Fb} hflG5g\ . dxQfxLg sf] xLgtfaf6 a}+;sf] dfG5] sf] af]wtkm{, lj;Ëltaf6 ;ª\ulttkm{, p8Gt] ljrf/sf] b'lgofFaf6 oyfy{sf] b'lgofFdf ;ª\qmldt x'Fb} k|ultjfbtkm{ pGd'v x'lG5g\ .

       lj=;+= @)#) b]lv @)$) sf] alrdf % j6f pkGof;x¿ n]lvg\ . p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f], kvf{nleq / aflx/, clgbf] kxf8;Fu} h:tf pkGof;x¿ / ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfFz' syf;ª\u|x / a}+;fn' jt{dfg sljtf;ª\u|x cflb k|ultjfbL wf/fsf s[ltx¿n] sLlt{dfg sfod u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] ;flxTo ofqfnfO{ ljleGg n]vsx¿n] ljleGg r/0fdf 5'6\ofPsf] kfOG5 . kf]v/]nn] lgg' rfkfufO{Fn] ljefhg u/]sf] $ r/0fnfO{ s]xL ;+zf]wg;lxt 5'6\ofPsf 5g\–

klxnf] r/0f -@)!#–@)!*_

bf];|f] r/0f -@)!(–@)@$_

t];|f] r/0f -@)@%–@)@(_

rf}yf] r/0f -@)#), d[To'ko{Gt;Dd, k|ultjfbLtkm{ k|:t't cjlw_ eg]/ pgn] 5'6\ofPsf 5g\ .

klxnf] r/0fnfO{ Psfw jif{sf] km/s b]lvP klg :jR5GbtfjfbL k|j[lQsf] cjlw lyof] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} dte]b 5}g . o; k|;ª\udf O{Zj/ a/fn, r}tGo / /fdk|;fb 1jfnLx¿sf] Pp6} /fo b]lvG5 . dxfslj b]jsf]6fsf] :jR5GbtfjfbL–dfgjtfjfbL ;flxlTos wf/f, x[borGbl;+x k|wfgsf] oyfy{jfbL–dfgjjfbL wf/fn] kfl/hftnfO{ slt klg k|efljt kf/]sf] gb]lvP tfklg kfl/hftdf cGtlg{lxt s'l07t k|0fo efjgf, efj'stf, ljb|f]xL Pjd\ x7L :jefj, k|s[ltk|]d, lg/fzf OToflbsf] cleJolQm g] kfl/hftsf] d"n ;flxlTos ?emfg ePsf] tkm{ kf]v/]n Oª\lut ub{5g\ .

bf];|f] r/0fdf k|sflzt lz/Lifsf] km"n cl:tTjjfbL bz{gsf] olt /fd|f] ;+If]kLs/0f xf], olt /fd|f] / snfk"0f{ tyf k|efjzfnL sfJofGof; xf], hf] k9\g ;lhnf] 5, ;fgf] 5, b'O{ 306fdf kl9 ;lsG5 t/ of] kl9;s]kl5 s'g} klg dflg; crlDdt jf ljl:dt ge} /xg} ;Sb}g . ToxfF s'07f Pjd\ dgf]lj1fgsf] bldt efjgfsf] gsf/fTdstfsf] /fd|f] tfgfafgf / ;+of]hg 5 . ;fd|fHojfbn] olt /fd|f] s'zn, ;zQm / eoª\s/ k|efjzfnL ;fwgsf] pkef]u Pjd\ k|rf/ ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf] s'/f pgL cl3 ;f5{g\ .

sltko ;dfnf]rsn] kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf] t];|f] r/0fnfO{ /fNkmfnL jf ;ª\qmd0fsf] r/0f jf wf/f eg]sf 5g\ . kf]v/]nsf ljrf/df /fNkmfnL cfGbf]ng JolQmut ljb|f]xdf cfwfl/t Pp6f gofF vfn] k|fof]lus vfnsf] cfGbf]ng lyof] . /fNkmfnLn] 5'§} s'g} ;flxlTos l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ . pgLx¿sf] k|j[lQ ljb|f]xL lyof] . k/Dk/fut d"Nosf] lj?4df ltgsf ;flxTo jf uLt n]lvP tfklg Tof] pu|tf, cGof}ntf uGtJoxLg lyof] . o'jfhGo pT;fxsf] cfGbf]ngsf] ¿kdf pgn] o;nfO{ lnPsf 5g\ .

o;} sfndf k|sflzt a}+;sf] dfG5] /fNkmfnL JolQm ljb|f]xsf] :j/ jf cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL wf/0fftkm{ k|j[t ePsf] 5 . o; r/0fnfO{ ;flxlTosjfb ljz]ifsf] s'g} r/0f eGg g;lsP tfklg o;nfO{ gj–c/fhstfjfb eg]/ kl/eflift ug'{ 7Ls x'g] ts{ kf]v/]nsf] 5 . o; r/0fdf kfl/hft Psflt/ cfˆgf] ljutsf] cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgaf6 klg k"0f{tof ljd'v e};s]sL 5}gg\ eg] csf]{lt/ pgL of}g :jtGqtfjfbL lrGtgsf] glhs ePsf] klg st}st} b]lvG5 . dfS;{jfbL ldqx¿sf] ;+;u{df k'u]/ w]/} dfqfdf j:t'jfbL aGg] r]i6fdf nflu;s]sf] s'/ftkm{ pgL Oª\lut u5{g\ .

rf}yf] r/0fdf kfl/hftsf kfFrj6f pkGof;x¿ / Pp6f syf;ª\u|x k|sflzt x'G5 . ;8s / k|ltef oxL sfnv08df k|sflzt ePsf] eP klg To;n] o; r/0feGbf k"j{sf r/0fx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . cGtd'{vL n] klg o; r/0fsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5}g . kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbLtkm{sf] k|:yfglaGb' tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ b]lv p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f], kvf{nleq / aflx/, clgbf] kxf8;Fu} / ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfFz' h:tf /rgfx¿ / rfnL;sf] bzssf cfTd;+:d/0ffTds s[ltx¿n] k|ultjfbL wf/sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] s'/f kf]v/]n bfjf ub{5g\ .

#=@=@=@& ;'s'd zdf{

       ;'s'd zdf{n] kfl/hftsf sljtfsf] cWoog -@)^@_ df kfl/hftsf sljtfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{sf ;fy} pgsf sfJo k|j[lQx¿sf] lg¿k0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] sljtfs[ltx¿ cfsf+Iff -@)!$_, kfl/hftsf sljtf -@)$$_ / a}+;fn' jt{dfg -@)%)_ k|sflzt 5g\ . pgsf cfsf+Iff df !%, kfl/hftsf sljtf df #*, a+};fn' jt{dfgdf @^ u/]/ tLg} s[ltdf &( sljtf k|sflzt ePsf] zdf{ atfpF5g\ .

       lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf w/tL klqsfdf sljtf k|sflzt u/L ;flxTosf If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ¿kn] b]vfk/]sL kfl/hftsf] k|yd sljtf;ª\u|x cfsf+Iff @)!$ xf] . pQm;ª\u|xdf ePsf sljtfdf ;fdflhs r]tgf, ju{af]waf6 k[ys /x]/ j}olQms ?dfgL k|]ddf ddf{xt x'Fb} ToxL cleJolQmdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @)!# kl5 kfl/hftsf] n]vgdf ju{af]wsf] :ki6tf qmdzM ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . o; sfnv08df pgn] ;j{xf/f ju{sf] of c;xfosf] kIfdf s]lGb|t eP/ sljtf l;h{gf u/]sf] kfOG5 .[62]

       zdf{n] kfl/hftsf] sljtf ofqfnfO{ b'O{ r/0fdf ljeflht u/]sf 5g\ . lj=;+= @)!#–@)#) ;Dd klxnf] r/0f / @)#!–@)%) ;Dd bf];|f] r/0f egL 5'6\ofPsf 5g\ . klxnf] r/0fdf kfl/hftsf cfsf+Iff / kfl/hftsf sljtf leGg ;ªu[xLt sljtf kb{5g\ . lg/fzfjfbL / lg:;f/tfjfbL hLjg b[li6af6 sljtf ;fwgfdf ;fwgf/t kfl/hftsf o; r/0fsf sljtfdf k|]d ljof]usf] dfld{s efj;d]t kfOG5 . lg/fzf, lg:;f/tf, s'07faf]w, dft[Tjsf] df]x, of}gs'07fsf] cleJolQm, k|]d ljof]usf ;fy} ;fdflhs dd{k|ltsf] df]x klg kfOG5 .

       bf];|f] r/0fdf kfl/hftsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] j}rfl/s / sljtfTds k|flKtsf prfOaf6 eTs]/ k'gM gofF hLjg b[li6;lxt sljtfofqfsf] ;fwgf k|f/De x'G5 . o; r/0fdf pgsf] j}rfl/s cfGbf]ng, ;ª\3if{, gf/Lr]t, >dsf] d"Noaf]w, hfltut e]baf]wtkm{ sljtf n]vg k|j[t ePsf] kfOG5 . cfˆgf JolQmut s'07f, dg:tfksf kL8gaf6 d'Qm eP/ ;d"xsf] dd{, kL8f;Fu pgL ;fl6Psf] kfOG5 . o; sfnv08df hLjgk|ltsf] df]x / d'lQm ;ª\3if{k|ltsf] ljZjf;n] kfl/hftsf] j}rfl/s phf{ ;zQm / ;an ag]sf] 5 . a}+;fn' jt{dfg o; r/0fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ k|flKt xf] .

       o;/L kfl/hftn] :jR5GbtfjfbL, cl:tTjjfbL x'Fb} ;fdflhs w/ftndf pleP/ sljtf n]v]sf] kfOG5 . pgsf sljtfdf gf/LjfbL :j/, JolQmut s'07f, ;d"x, ju{dd{sf] k|:t'lt, af}l4stf, k|of]uzLntf, laDafTdstf, ;f}Gbo{ r]tgf nufot ljleGg kIfx¿ kfOg] s'/f zdf{n] cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

#=@=# lgZsif{

       t];|f] cWofodf kfl/hftsf ;DaGwdf ePsf cg';GwfgfTds u|Gy Pjd\ k':tsfsf/ u|Gyx¿ af/]df ;j]{If0f sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . lj=;+= @)%)–@)^@ cjlwdf ePsf tf/fsfGt kf08]o, uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, bLks uf}td, 1fg' kf08]osf ljBfjfl/lw zf]wdf kfl/hftsf] af/]df cf+lzs ¿kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ejfgLk|;fb kf08]osf] kfl/hftsf pkGof;df ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL kfl/hft;DaGwL ePsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ljBfjfl/lw zf]w xf] . o; zf]wdf kfl/hftsf ljleGg n]vg–k|j[lQsf ;fy} pkGof;x¿df ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL lrGtgsf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       kfl/hftsf s[ltx¿df zf]w ug]{ rng klg a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . kzfsfGt yfkf …>LifÚ / z+s/ k/fh'nLn] lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] af/]df :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;/L g} d+unf yfkf, dL7f/fd yfkf / rGb|dfg >]i7n] p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;df, lbgdl0f cfrfo{ / k|e'/fd cfrfo{n] clgbf] kxf8;Fu} pkGof;df :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       cDa'ejfgL sfsL{n] kfl/hftsf] syf, e}/jk|;fb u]nfnn] sljtfdf, /d]zrGb| /f]sfn] cGo ljwfdf :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w ;DkGg u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} xl/x/ rfkfufO{n] kfl/hftsf] kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ / vu]Gb| hf]zLn] cGtd'{vL pkGof;df zf]w u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fhg e§/fO{n] kfl/hftsf pkGof;df kfOg] lj;ËltjfbL cl:tTj Pjd\ nLnfw/ 1jfnLn] kfl/hftsf k|ultjfbL pkGof;sf] af/]df :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w u/]sf] kfOG5 . k'iknfn cfrfo{n] kfl/hftsf gf/L kfqdf, lagf sfsL{n] uBsfl/tfdf, afa'/fd zdf{ …x]dGtÚ n] /fNkmfnL cfGbf]ngdf :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w ;DkGg u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL ;a} zf]wx¿n] kfl/hftsf] af/]df hfGg d2t k'¥ofpF5 .

       kfl/hftsf] n]vg ;DaGwdf ljleGg k':tsx¿df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . nlnhg /fjnsf] a}+;fn' jt{dfgsf] e"ldsf, lgg' rfkfufO{Fsf] oyfy{jfbL /rgf b[li6 / ljj]rgf, tf/fsfGt kf08]osf] snf;flxToM e"ldsf / d"Nofª\sg, r}tGosf] dfS;{jfbL, snfb[l6 / ;dLIff, /fh]Gb| ;'j]bLsf] g]kfnL pkGof;M k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ / ;[hg ljwfsf kl/lwdf kfl/hft, s[i0fxl/ a/fn / g]q P6dsf] pkGof; l;fGt / g]kfnL pkGof;, s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnLsf] cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft, uª\ufk|;fb pk|]tLsf] JolQm, s[lt / k|j[lQ, 8L=cf/= kf]v/]nsf] kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos d"Nofª\sg / ;'s'd zdf{sf] kfl/hftsf sljtfsf] cWoog dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . To; afx]s kjg rfdlnªsf] e"ldsf, Clif/fh a/fn / s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/], dxfb]j cj:yL, s[i0f uf}td, /~h'>L k/fh'nL, s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg, uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, vu]Gb|k|;fb n'OF6]n, nLnf n'OF6]n, 8L=lk= clwsf/Lsf n]vdf kfl/hftsf s[ltsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f kfOG5 eg] s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, r"8fdl0f /]UdL, 36/fh e§/fO{, O{Zj/ a/fn, hob]j e§/fO{, g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{Fn] kfl/hft af/]df rrf{ ug'{sf] ;fy} cfˆgf ;Demgf k|s6 u/]sf] kfOG5 .

---

[1] tf/fsfGt kf08]o, ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf cleJol~ht oyfy{, ck|sflzt ljBfjfl/lw zf]wk|aGw, -sLlt{k'/ M 8Lgsf] sfof{no, dfgljsL tyf ;dflhszf:q ;ª\sfo, lq=lj=, @)%%_, k[= #*#–#*$ .

[2] uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, k|ultjfbL g]kfnL syfsf k|j[lQ, -sLlt{k'/ M 8Lgsf] sfof{no, dfgljsL tyf ;dflhszf:q ;ª\sfo, lq=lj=, @)^@_, k[= %!* .

[3] ejfgLk|;fb kf08]o, kfl/hftsf pkGof;df ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfb, -sLlt{k'/ M 8Lgsf] sfof{no, dfgljsL tyf ;dflhszf:q ;ª\sfo, lq=lj=, @)^@_, k[= @#$ .

[4]   P]hg, k[= @^# .

[5]    bLks uf}td, ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL g]kfnL syfsf k|j[lQx¿, -sLlt{k'/, 8Lgsf] sfof{no, dfgljsL tyf ;dflhszf:q ;ª\sfo lq=lj=, @)^@_,  k[= !!@ .

[6]    1fg' kf08], ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;df cl:tTjjfb, -sLlt{k'/ M 8Lgsf] sfof{no, dfgljsL tyf ;dflhszf:q ;ª\sfo, lq=lj=,@)^@_, k[= !^* .

[7]    afa'/fd zdf{, ‘x]dGt’, g]kfnL ;flxTodf /fNkmf cfGbf]ng, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sLlt{k'/, g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)%)_, k[= !& .

[8]   cDa'ejfgL sfsL{, kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tf, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)%@_,
k[= @#–@$ .

[9]    e}/jk|;fb u]nfn, slj kfl/hftsf] sljTjsf] cWoog, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)%$_, k[= #% .

[10] P]hg, k[= &^ .

[11] kfzfsfGt yfkf …>LifÚ, lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)%%_, k[= %) .

[12] P]]hg, k[= %$ .

[13] /d]zrGb| /f]sf, kfl/hftsf cGo ljwfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sLlt{k'/M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)%%_, k[= &* .

[14] z+s/ k/fh'nL, cg'/fwf, lz/Lifsf] km"n / ;'lDgdf pkGof;sf] t'ngfTds cWoog, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -lj/f6gu/M :gfQsf]Q/ SofDk;, @)%&_, k[= *& .

[15] P]hg, k[= *( .

[16] d+unf yfkf, pkGof;sf/ kfl/hftsf] p;n] /fh]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"Nofª\sg, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sf7df8f} M kb\dsGof ax'd'vL SofDk;, @)%&_, k[= #( .

[17] Phg, k[= %! .

[18] lbgdl0f cfrfo{, clgbf] kxf8;“u} pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -lrtjg, jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;, @)%*_, k[= #! .

[19] rGb|dfg >]i7, p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sLlt{k'/M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)^)_, k[= #( .

[20] dL7f/fd yfkf, p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sf7df8f} +M lqrGb| ax'd'vL SofDk;, @)^)_, k[= !)) .

[21] k|e'/fd cfrfo{, kfl/hftsf] clgbf] kxf8;“u}sf] cWoog, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sLlt{k'/M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)^)_, k[= ^( .

[22] xl/x/ rfkfufO{F, kl/eflift cf“vfx¿ pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sLlt{k'/M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)^)_, k[= ^# .

[23] /fhg e§/fO{, kfl/hftsf pkGof;df cleJoQm lj;+ultjfbL cl:tTjsf] lrGtg, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sf7df8f}+M /Tg/fHonIdL SofDk;, @)^!_, k[= !&( .

[24] P]hg, k[= !*) .

[25] lagf sfsL{, kfl/hftsf] uBsfl/tf, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sLlt{k"/ M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)^!_, k[= #! .

[26] P]hg, k[= #$ .

[27] vu]Gb| hf]zL, cGtd'{vL pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq,  -sLlt{k'/ Mg]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)^!_, k[= %^ .

[28] P]hg, k[= ^# .

[29] k'iknfn cfrfo{, kfl/hftsf pkGof;sf gf/L kfqx¿sf] cWoog, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sf7df8f}+M lqrGb| ax'd'vL SofDk;, @)^@_, k[= !!^ .

[30] P]hg, k[= !!&–!!* .

[31] nLnfw/ 1jfnL, kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f, ck|sflzt :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, -sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)^@_, k[=  $& .

[32] r"8fdl0f /]UdL, lrGtg / ;dfnf]rgf, -emfkfM h'xL k|sfzg, @)%(_, k[= *) .

[33] nlnhg /fjn, e"ldsf, a}“;fn' jt{dfg, -sf7df8f}+M g]kfn ;flxTo u'7L, @)%)_, k[= s .

[34] P]hg, k[= u .

[35] P]hg, k[= 3 .

[36] 36/fh e§/fO{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf/ kl/ro sf]if, -sf7df8f}+, g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg, @)%!_, k[= @&# .

[37] lgg' rfkfufO{F, oyfy{jfbL /rgf b[li6 / ljj]rgf, -sf7df8f}+M lbn a/bfg÷dlxd rfkfufO{F, @)%!_, k[= @)^ .

[38] hob]j e§/fO{, JolQmTj / zAblrq, -sf7df8f}+M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%#_, k[= ^* .

[39] P]hg, k[= &) .

[40] hob]j e§/fO{, ;flxTosf/ kl/ro / cleJolQm, -sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg, @)%$_, k[= @^) .

[41] tf/fsfGt kf08]o, snf;flxTo M e"ldsf / d"Nofª\sg, -sf7df8f}+M lrGtg k|sfzg, @)%$_, k[= *@ .

[42] /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, g]kfnL pkGof; M k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ, -sf7df8f}+M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%#_, k[= ##* .

[43] /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, ;[hg ljwfsf kl/lwdf kfl/hft, -jf/f0f;LM e"ldsf k|sfzg, @)%#_, k[= !^ .

[44] r}tGo, dfS;{jfbL snfb[li6 / ;dLIff, -sf7df8f}+M lrGtg k|sfzg, @)%$_, k[= *@ .

[45] kjg rfdlnª, æe"ldsfÆ, kfl/hftsf ;+slnt /rgfx¿ efu–!, -l;lSsdM lgdf{0f k|sfzg, @)%$_, k[= ` .

[46] O{Zj/ a/fn / cGo, g]kfnL ;flxTo sf]z, -sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)%%_, k[= !%% .

[47] Clif/fh a/fn / s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/], g]kfnL syf efu– #, -sf7df8f}+M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%%_, k[= !@@ .

[48] dxfb]j cj:yL, g]kfnL syf efu– @, -sf7df8f}+M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%%_, k[= !@( .

[49] s[i0f uf}td, /rgfsf] /f]df~r, -sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg, @)%^_, k[= !@! .

[50] s[i0fxl/ a/fn / g]q P6d, pkGof; l;4fGt / g]kfnL pkGof;, -sf7df8f}+M ;femf k|sfzg, g]=;+=, @)^^_, k[= !** .

[51] /~h'>L k/fh'nL, s[lt ljj]rgf, -sf7df8f}+M ;'gsf]zL ;flxTo k|lti7fg, @)%^_, k[= &* .

[52] P]hg, k[= !)@ .

[53] s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft, -sf7df8f}+M xh'/sf] k|sfzg, @)%*_, k[= !*) .

[54] uª\ufk|;fb pk|]tL, JolQm, s[lt / k|j[lQ, -sf7df8f}+M k|ltef k|sfzg, @)%*_, k[= $–% .

[55] s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, ;Demgfsf lIflthdf, -jf/f0f;LM ;flxTo ;+ud, @)%(_, k[= #&%–#&^ .

[56] s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg, s[lt cjnf]sg, -sf7df8f}+M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%(_, k[= !!# .

[57] uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, ;f}Gbo{af]w / ;dLIff ljljw, -sf7df8f}= pld{nf kf}8]n, @)%(_, k[= !% .

[58] vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n, sljtf l;4fGt / g]kfnL sljtfsf] Oltxf;, -sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg, @)^)_, k[= #)^ .

[59] nLnf n'O6]n, g]kfnL dlxnf syfsf/, -sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg, @)^)_, k[= *@ .

[60] P]hg, k[= *$ .

[61] 8L=cf/= kf]v/]n, kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos d"Nofª\sg, -sf7df8f}+M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns]zG;, @)^@_, k[= #( .

[62] ;'s'd zdf{, kfl/hftsf sljtfsf] cWoog, -sf7df8f}+M ;gnfO6 klAns]zg, @)^@_, k[= $%–$^ . 

kl/R5]b rf/

kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j]{If0f

-kqklqsf, :d[lt cª\s / :d[lt u|Gy_

$=! k[i7e"ld

       kfl/hftsf] ;DaGwdf zf]w, vf]h Pjd\ cg';Gwfg ug]{ sfo{ lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg ;|i6fx¿sf] cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f Pjd\ cledtx¿ k|s6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . kfl/hftsf] af/]df ePsf cWoog ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ Jojl:y tug]{ qmddf lj=;+= @)%), d[To'kl5 k|sflzt ePsf kqklqsf, :d[lt u|Gy, :d[lt cª\sx¿nfO{ o; cWofodf ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;|i6f kfl/hftsf] af/]df cWoog ug{ oL ;fdu|Lx¿n] kof{Kt ljifo k|bfg ug{ ;S5 .

$=@ kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] sfnqmlds ;j]{If0f

       ;j]{If0fdf kfl/hft ;DaGwdf ;flxlTos kqklqsf, va/ kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ;fdu|L, kfl/hft ;DaGwdf k|sflzt :d[lt cª\ssf ;fy} :d[lt cª\snfO{ cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6} n]vssf leGgleGg ljifoj:t'nfO{ lnP/ n]lvPsf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fv]/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

$=@=! kqklqsfx¿

       o; pkzLif{s cGtu{t kfl/hftsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;flxlTos Pjd\ u}/;flxlTos kqklqsfdf k|sflzt km'6s/ n]v /rgfnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

$=@=!=! uf]kLGb| kf}8]n

       uf]kLGb| kf}8]nn] cGtWj{lg -@)%)_ df d"n sYosf] s]Gb|Lotfdf kfl/hftsf] gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0f syf gfds ;dfnf]rgfTds n]vdf kfl/hftsf syf k|j[lQsf ;fy} kfl/hftsf] gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0f syfsf] ljZn]if0f;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .

       d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] -@)@!_ af6 cfˆgf] syfofqfsf] k|f/De ug]{ kfl/hftn] syf l;h{gfdf gjLgtd z}nLlzNksf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . k"jfw{df lg:;f/tfjfbL lj;ËltjfbL hLjgb[li6sf] 5fk kfOG5 eg] pQ/f4{df k|ultjfbL lrGtg / dfGotfsf] cf/fwgf ug{ yfn] klg lz/Lifsf] km"n kmqmg] pj{/f dgl:ylt / lrGtgdf cfd"n kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 .[1]

       hLjg d/0fsf] ljs/fn ;d:of af]s]sf] o; syf bLgb'MvL ufpFn] hgtfsf] ;ª\s6k"0f{ hLjg ef]ufOnfO{ k|:t't ug'{sf] ;fy} dfgjLo d"No, n'l6Psf] jt{dfg kl/j]z tyf z'is ;xl/of hLjg z}nLnfO{ klg jftfj/0fLo k|efj cg'¿k lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . d"ntM o; syfsf dfWodaf6 syfsf/ kfl/hftn] /f]uL hgtfsf] hLjg/Iffsf lgldQ :yfkgf ePsf :jf:Yo;+:yf tyf ltgsf] kl/rfng ug]{ ;/sf/L cg'Q/bfoL sfo{z}nLsf] ;SsnL ¿k k|:t't u/]sL 5g\ .

       c:ktfnh:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ;+:yfdf x'g] u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] zNolqmof ug{ syfsf/ ;kmn ePsL 5g\ . c:ktfnh:tf ;+:yfsf] of] lqmofsnfkn] ubf{ g}gaxfb'/sL b'nxLh:tf xhf/f}+ g]kfnL hgtfn] csfnd} d[To'sf] d'vdf xf]ldg' kg]{ afWotf l;h{gf ePsf] s6' oyfy{nfO{ ;hLj 9ª\un] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

       :jf:gLsf] pkrf/ ug]{ k|oTg ljkmn x'g', d[t nfznfO{ 3/df k'¥ofpg] k|oTg ljkmn ePkl5 zf]sfs'n g}gaxfb'/n] h'g cfTdl:js[lt JoQm ub{5 . To;n] p;sL :jf:gLsf] Tof] cj:yf agfpg] lhDd]jf/ lgsfok|lt tLj| 3[0ff / lgGbfsf] ;fy} Tof] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] ;/sf/ / To; cGtu{tsf ;+3–;+:yfsf] hglj/f]wL lqmofsnfksf] e08fkmf]/ ug'{sf ;fy} Goflos cfjfh p7fpg' k5{ eg]/ kf7snfO{ ;r]t agfPsf] 5 .

       syfsf] zLif{s …gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0fÚ syfsf] efjkIfeGbf ;+/rgf kIfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ to ul/Psf] 5 . lj;+ut tyf ljb|'k oyfy{sf] lrq0f ul/P klg efjL ;dfwfgsf nflu lbzflgb]{z ug]{ sfd ul/Psf] 5}g . k|d'v kfq g}gaxfb'/n] cGofo ug]{nfO{ l;ltldlt la;{g g;lsg] wf/0ff JoQm ug'{n] cfzf ug]{ 7fpF eP klg e/f];f ug]{ 7fpF b]lvGg .

       Psflt/ c;ª\Vo lgd'vf hgtfsf] efjgfnfO{ pk]Iff ug]{ tyf hLjg–d/0fsf ;+j]bgzLn ;jfndf;d]t pbf;Lg aGg] ;/sf/ / To; cGtu{tsf lgsfosf] hglj/f]wL sfo{z}nLsf] kl/df0f :j¿k g}gaxfb'/sL b'nxLh:tf s}of}+ gf/Ln] hLjg lhpg] clwsf/af6 jl~rt ePsf] lgisif{ k|fKt x'G5 eg] g}gaxfb'/sf] cfTdl:js[ltn] To:tf] cGofok"0f{ lqmofsnfksf lj?4 h'‰g' kg]{ yk lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] kf}8]n bfjf u5{g\ .

$=@=!=@ 3gZofd 9sfn

       3gZofd 9sfnn] k|of]u -@)%!_ df klqsf kfl/hftM Ps b[li6 n]vdf kfl/hftsf] j}rfl/s b[li6 / ;f] af/]df ljleGg b[li6sf]0fsf] lr/kmf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] d[To' ePsf] Ps jif{ k'/f x'Fbf klg k|ultjfbL kmfF6af6 pgsf] ;du| s[ltut / ljrf/ut d"Nofª\sgsf] yfngL gePsf]n] pgsf] JolQmTj tfgftfgdf k/]sf] 9sfn JoQm ub{5g\ . hLjgsfndf pgsf] jf:tf gug]{x¿n] d[To' kZrft\ uf]xLsf cfF;' r'xfP/ kfl/hftnfO{ l;+uf] lz/Lifsf] km"n leq s}b ug]{ w[i6tf ul//x]sf 5g\ . hLjglj/f]wL ;flxlTos wf/fsf a]Odfgx¿sf] of] cfˆgf] wd{ xf] . kfl/hftsf pQ/jtL{ hLjgsfnsf] s[ltTj / JolQmTjdfly sfnf] kf]Tg] lgs[i6 rfnafhL ePsf] 9sfn bfjf u5{g\ .

       tL;sf] bzssf] cGTolt/ kfl/hftn] hLjglj/f]wL z"GojfbL lj;ËltjfbL wf/0ffnfO{ kl/Tofu u/L dfS;{jfbL ePsL x'g\ . o;eGbf cufl8 /fNkmf ;d"xdf lyOg\ . Toltv]/ s'g} p2]Zo geP/ nx8dfq ePsL kfl/hft :jo+ atfpFl5g\ . lz/Lifsf] km"n af]Sg]n] hLjg xf]Og, d'bf{ af]s]sf 5g\ .[2]

       clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;+3 / clvn g]kfn hg;f+:s[lts ;+3 cflb ;+u7gx¿df /xFb} rfln;sf] bzs otf pgL cg'zfl;t / k|lta4 n]lvsf ag]sL l5g\ . clgbf] kxf8;Fu} cg'zfl;t n]vgsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf k|lta4tfsf] oxL :j¿k sfod /lx/xg g;s]sf] t/ o;sf] cy{ pgn] juL{o k|lta4tfnfO{ 5f]8]sf] xf]Og eGg] 9sfnsf] ts{ 5 .

       kfl/hft ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL wf/fsL ;zQm cu'jf ePsf] / pgn] dflg;dfly ePsf cGofo, cTofrf/ zf]if0f, bdg nufot hLjglj/f]wL k|j[lQ / zlQm;Fu lgd{dtfk"j{s ;Demf}tfxLg ;ª\3if{ u/]sf] tYo 9sfn cl3 ;f5{g\ .

$=@=!=# OGb|s'df/ >]i7 ‘;l/t\’

       OGb|s'df/ >]i7 ;l/t\ n] ;dsfnLg ;flxTo q}dfl;s -@)%@_ df cf}kGofl;s s[ltx¿df kfl/hft M Ps ljxª\ufjnf]sg zLif{s n]vdf kfl/hftsf cf}kGofl;s k|j[lQx¿sf] ljleGg kIfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       pkGof;sf/ kfl/hftsf cf}kGofl;s hLjgdf tLgj6f df]8x¿ cfPsf b]lvG5g\ . cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL, k|ultzLn ljrf/tkm{ pGd'v / j}rfl/s ljrngsf] ;F3f/df cflb . cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgn] lz/Lifsf] km"n / dxQfxLg df 7fpF kfPsf] 5 . lj;ª\ut hLjgaf]w / dgf]ljZn]if0fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ hLpg'sf] Joy{tfnfO{ :jLsf/]/ hLjgsf la8Dagf / lj;Ëltx¿ s]nfpFb} hLjg Joy{ / ;f/xLg xf] eGg] lgisif{df pgL k'lU5g\ . pgsf] ljrf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g a}+;sf] dfG5], kvf{nleq / aflx/ / clgbf] kxf8;Fu} df :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . hLjgsf] ;f/tŒj eGg' Joy{tf / z"Gotf 7fGg] kfl/hftn] hLjgnfO{ ;f/k"0f{, pknAwLk"0f{, ;'Gb/ / ;[hgzLn 9ª\un] x]l/Psf] / >dhLjLk|lt cf:yf /flvPsf pgsf pkGof;df zf]lift / kLl8t ;j{xf/f ju{x¿sf] kIfkftL / dfgjtfsf] lxdfotL eP/ af]Ng] k|of; u/]sL l5g\ .[3]

       cfˆgf kl5Nnf b'O{ pkGof; kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ / af]gL df cfP/ kfl/hftsf cfˆg} k|ultjfbL wf/0ffx¿ 5]p nfUg ljjz ePsf 5g\ . pgsf ;fdflhs, ;fd"lxs wf/0ffsf] r'r'/f] eTs]/ s]jn JolQmaf]w / JolQmk/s c;Gt'li6 / u'gf;f]df cfP/ 6'lª\uPsf] 5 .

       pkGof;sf/ kfl/hftsf] tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿nfO{ pkGof; geg]/ ;+:d/0f eg] km/s gknf{ . lsgeg] Pp6f pkGof;sf] nflu cfjZos syftŒj, 36gf, rl/q–lrq0f, cf}kGofl;s efiffz}nL, syf]ksyg, p2]Zo cflbsf] o; pkGof;df cefj /x]sf] >]i7sf] ts{ 5 . kfl/hftsf clwsf+z s[ltx¿n] rsf]{ efj'stf, cGtxLg u'gf;f] / k'g/fj[lQsf] /f]u kfOG5 . of] k'g/fj[lQsf] /f]un] kfl/hftsf] a'FO r9]/ pgL PSnf] kmtkmtfpFl5g\, u'gf;f]sf l9:sfx¿  pl3|lG5g\ . pgdf PSnf] efj'stf kfOG5 . To;}n] kfl/hft cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL x'g'n] s'g} cy{ /fVb}g .

       j}rfl/s ;ª\qmd0fsfnk"j{sf] kfl/hftsf] efiff / z}nLdf dl:tisnfO{ 8f]¥ofpg] k|r08 j]u / dgnfO{ 5'g] dL7f;, r'DasLo cfsif{0f kfOG5 . t/ ;ª\qmd0fsfnkl5sf] kfl/hftsf] efiff / z}nLdf Tof] ;/ntf, dL7f; / cfsif{0f kfpg xDd]xDd] kg]{ >]i7 bfjf u5{g\ . sl/a tLg bzssf] pgsf] n]vgdf j}rfl/s cfu|x–;Dk|]if0fdf dfq kl/jt{g ePsf] pgsf] egfO 5 . g]kfnL dlxnf pkGof;sf/df pgL hlt sf]xL klg gePsf] / k'?if pkGof;sf/x¿;Fu pgsf] cf}kGofl;s Ifdtfsf] t'ngf x'g g;Sg] lgZsif{ >]i7sf] 5 .

$=@=!=$ v'dnfn kf}8]n

       v'dnfn kf}8]nn] k|of]u -@)%@_ df a}+;fn' jt{dfg M Ps l6kf]6 n]vdf kfl/hftsf] JolQmTjsf] ;fy} pgsf] a}+;fn' jt{dfg sljtfsf] ljZn]if0f;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .

       ax'cfolds JolQmTj kfl/hft ;du| g]kfnL ;flxTos} ljlzi6 k|ltef / g]kfnL k|ultjfbL ;flxTosL zLif{:y JolQmTj ePsf] kf}8]nsf] bfjf 5 . sljtfaf6 ;flxlTos ofqf k|f/De u/]/ sljtfaf6} hLjgsf] cGTo ug]{ kfl/hft cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtf k/Dk/fdf k|ltlglw gfd xf] eGg] pgsf] dt /x]sf] 5 .

       cfhsf] ;dfhdf g]kfnLx¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf ljleGg afWotf / zf]if0fx¿sf lj?4 Psh'6 eO{ clttsf] snª\lst Oltxf;nfO{ bf]xf]l/g glbO{ ;'gf}nf] ;+;f/nfO{ lgDTofpg] gofF jt{dfg jf a}+;fn' jt{dfg rflxG5 eGg] c7f]6sf ;fy oL sljtfx¿sf] hGd ePsf]
b]lvG5 .[4]

       kfl/hftsf o; ;ª\u|xdf ePsf sljtfx¿nfO{ :jtGqtf jf /fhg}lts d'lQm;Fu ;DalGwt, gf/Lsf kL8faf]w;Fu ;DalGwt, hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt, cfTdk/stf, Joª\ufTdstf, k|ltsfTds / ;d;fdlos u/]/ & lsl;dn] x]g{ ;lsg] kf}8]nsf] cledt /x]sf] kfOG5 .

       ljleGg ljifoj:t'nfO{ cFufn]/ @)#^ b]lv @)$( ;Dd n]lvPsf sljtfx¿sf] ;ª\sng a}+;fn' jt{dfg g]kfnL k|ultjfbL ;flxTo If]qsf] k|ltlglw sljtf;ª\u|x xf] . hLjgnfO{ ;f/do agfpg' o;;ª\u|xsf sljtfx¿sf] d"ne't ljz]iftf ePsf] kf}8]nsf] lgZsif{ 5 .

$=@=!=% hª\ua rf}xfg

       hª\ua rf}xfgn] ;dsfnLg ;flxTo q}dfl;s -@)%#_ df kfl/hft zLif{ssf] n]vdf kfl/hftsf] hLjg Pjd\ s[ltTjsf ljljw kIfsf] af/]df rrf{ Pjd\ l6Kk0fL u/]sf] kfOG5 .

     दार्जिलिङमा इन्द्रकमल फुलेको बेला पारिजातको जन्म भएको, आमा उनी सानै उमेरको छँदा मृत्यु भएको र आमाको माया बारेमा थाहा नभएको प्रसंग अघि सारेका छन् ।

      lktfsf] dfofn] dft[Tjsf] cefj v6\lsg lbPg . cfd dflg;x¿eGbf leGg 8f= s]= o;= jfOafnfO{ dflg;x¿ ;gsL g} 7fGy] . uf]/fx¿sf] hfuL/ 5f]8]/ lnlª\uofaf6 lnDa' a:tLsf] Ps tLgsf]7] 3/df a;fO{F ;/]sf jfOafn] :yfgLo dflg;x¿sf] ;]jf u/] . pgsf] Pp6f ;fgf] cf}iflw k;n lyof] . ToxfF /f]uLeGbf u}//f]uL cfpg] / /fhgLlt / bz{gsf] af/]df ax;, ukmufkm x'g] / lrof, r'/f]6 clg kfgaf6 :jfut;d]t x'GYof] . km";{bsf ;dodf cg';Gwfgdf Jo:t /xg] 8f= jfOaf /f]uLx¿sf] lgz'MNs pkrf/dfq xf]Og, cf}iflw / cfly{s ;xof]u ;d]t ub{y] .[5]

       aflnsf kfl/hftn] cfˆg} 3/leq ljb|f]xL jftfj/0f b]lvg\ . b]lvgdfq xf]Og cfkm}n] cg'ej ul/g\ . k|jf;sf] To; tfdfª kl/jf/df wd{, cGwljZjf; / k/Dk/fut d"NodfGotfx¿ ;a} etfe'ª\u eP .

       kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos x[bodf k'6 lbg] sfddf pgsf sfsfsf 5f]/f Pp6f bfh'sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lyof] . ufpFsf ;lqmo o'js pgL v]ns'bsf z}lvs x'g'sf ;fy} x:tlnlvt klqsf klg rnfpFy] . pgsf] n]vgL kfl/hftsf] dg 5'g] cfsif{s x'GYof] . pgn] kfl/hftnfO{ sljtf n]Vg k|]l/t u/]sf lyP . cfˆgf] k|of; / ltg} bfh'sf] cfTdLo k|]/0ffn] pgL ;flxTosf/ algg\ .

       @)!) ;fndf bfh'sf] d[To'n] pgsf] kl/jf/df b'Mvsf] kxf8 cfOk¥of] . o; ck|ToflIft rf]6n] a'jf 8f= jfOaf Ps k|sf/n] ljlIfKt h:t} eP .

       lrt/~hg g]kfnL;Fu g]kfnL ljifosf] k/LIffsf ;Gbe{df lgb]{zg dfUbf kfl/hftn] n]v]sf s]xL sljtf ;'Gg] df}sf pgn] kfP . kfl/hftnfO{ n]Vg k|f]T;fxg lbg] / pgsf sljtf ;j{k|yd k|sfzdf NofOlbg] sfd pg}n] u/] . o;kl5 kfl/hftsf] sljtf n]vg k|f/De eof] .

       k|f/lDes $ j6f pkGof; n]v]/ gi6 u/]/ klg pgLleqsf] a]hf]8 pkGof; n]Vg] rfxgf dg{ ;s]g . Tof] dxŒjfsf+Iff alnof] ePsf] a]nf pgnfO{ /f]un] ;dfTof] . rf/}lt/ cFWof/f] b]Vg] cj:yfdf n]v]sf] lz/Lifsf] km"n n] dbg k'/:sf/ kfof] / ;jf{lws rrf{ klg k|fKt u¥of] .

       uf]vf{ l;kfxLsf] abgfd ug]{ p2]Zon] n]lvPsf] o; pkGof;n] rrf{ / ljjfb b'j}nfO{ Ps};fy hGdfof] . Psflt/ o;nfO{ dlxdfdl08t ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\of] eg] csf]{lt/ o;sf] cfnf]rgf klg x'Fb} uof] .

       lj;Ëltjfb–cl:tTjjfbsf r/0fx¿ kf/ ub}{ kfl/hft /fNkmf cfGbf]ngdf nflug\ . j}rfl/s ¿kdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} kfl/hft qmdzM k|ultjfbtkm{ cu|;/ eOg\ . kl5Nnf s[ltdf gf/LjfbL :j/ :ki6 ¿kdf cfPsf] / n]vgdf cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL lrGtg cfPsf]
kfOG5 .

       kfl/hft ;flxlTos ;+3–;+:yfsf] ;fy;fy} /fhgLlt, kqsfl/tf, dfgjclwsf/, dlxnf Pjd\ afnaflnsfsf] lxtdf lqmofzLn eOg\ . k|lts'n :jf:Yosf afjh'b ;flxlTos tyf ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yfdf ;+nUg eP/ ;dfh kl/jt{gsf nflu nfu]sf] ljZj Oltxf;df sd} kfOg] rf}xfg bfjf ub{5g\ .

       g]kfnL hfltsL dxfg\ n]lvsfsf] pkrf/sf nflu ;/sf/n] plrt Wofg lbg ;s]g . hLjge/ sndjL/ eP/ afFr]sL kfl/hftn] cGTodf /fxbfgLdf NofKr] nufpg' k¥of] . b]zsf] /fhg}lts lj;ËltsfaLr kfl/hftn] @)%! ;fn h]7 % ut] ;+;f/ 5f]8\g' k/]sf] / b]zn] Ps sd{7 gful/s u'dfpg' k/]sf] s'/f rf}xfg atfpF5g\ .

 $=@=!=^ gf/fo0fk|;fb clwsf/L

       gf/fo0fk|;fb clwsf/Ln] k|of]u -@)%#_ df ;DemgfsL kfl/hftnfO{ zAb–k'ikf~hnL zLif{ssf] n]vdf kfl/hftsf] ;Demgf u/]sf 5g\ .

    तामाङ संस्कारमा जन्मिएकी तर यथार्थमा नेपालकी छोरी पारिजात नेपाली साहित्यजगतमा साँच्चिकै पारिजात बनेर गएको टिप्पणी अधिकारी गर्दछन् । पारिजातको रुग्ण रुख ढले पनि पारिजातको स्वर्गीय सुवास र स्वर्णिम मकरन्द नहराएको अधिकारी दावा गर्छन् ।

             ?v 9n]/ uP klg g]kfnL ;flxTo cFh'nLel/ kfl/hftsf ;'jf;l;t ;'sf]dn km"nx¿ lnP/ >4f~hnLsf d'b|fdf gtd:ts eP/ pbf;–pbf; ple/xg] eof], ple/xg] eof], csf]{ z/b cfP klg / csf]{ kfl/hft kfP klg .[6]

       hLjgsf ;a} /dfOnf vx/]x¿ Pp6} /x/df ldl;P klg 5f]/f hGdfpg] cfdfeGbf ghGdfpg] cfdf 7"nL ePsf] rrf{ ub]{ pgsf] d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] emg\ nf]slk|o ePsf] atfpF5g\ .

       dflg;x¿ kfl/hftsf] jflif{sL dgfO/x]sf] cj;/df cfkm" eg]/ kfl/hft ev{/ hGd]sf] / pgsf] cfo' o'uf}+ nfdf] ePsf] ljZjf; pgn] /fv]sf 5g\ .

$=@=!=& vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nf

       To;/L g} vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfn] gjo'jf -@)%#_ df ck/flhtf kfl/hft df kfl/hft;DaGwdf cfˆgf ;+:d/0f Pjd\ cg'e"lt k|s6 ug'{sf ;fy} ljleGg dtx¿sf] ljZn]if0f;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .

       Pp6L :s'n hfg nfu]sL aflnsfnfO{ kfl/hftaf/] ;f]Wbf pgn] kfl/hftnfO{ glrGg] / dfw'/L lblIftnfO{ lrGg] u/]sf] hjfkm lbFbf clxn]sf] Jofkf/k|]dL af]l8{ªx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj b]lvPsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       sltko n]vsn] cfˆgf /rgfnfO{ cfˆgf ;Gtfg x'g\ eGg] / ;a} ;Gtfg a/fa/L x'g\ eGg] dfGotf /fv] klg kfl/hftsf] dt km/s /x]sf] ;ª\u|f}nf atfpF5g\ . cfkm"n] d]xgt ;fy n]v]sf] lz/Lifsf] km"n kfl/hftnfO{ kl5 dg kg{ 5f8\of], lsgsL o;n] lg/fzfdfq afF8]sf]
5 .

       cfkm"nfO{ …ckfª\uÚ eg]sf] dg gkg]{ kfl/hftnfO{ gf/L n]lvsf eg]sf] klg dg kb}{gYof] . s;}n] gf/L n]lvsf elglbFbf pxfF To; egfOn] cfˆgf] JolQmTjnfO{ v'DRofpg, xf]Rofpg vf]h]sf] cg'dfg nufpg'x'GYof] . pxfF To:tf egfOdf k'?if ;dfhsf] ldrfxfkg 7fGg'x'GYof] eGg] ;ª\u|f}nfsf] ts{ 5 .

       vu]Gb| ;ª\uf}nfn] ul/df dfl;s -@)%$_ df kfl/hft lbbL;Fu s]xL If0f gfds n]vdf kfl/hft;Fusf cfˆgf ;DaGw Pjd\ ;+:d/0ffTds cg'e"ltx¿nfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

       ljrf/df, ;ª\3if{sf] uf]/]6f]x¿df / l;h{gk|lqmofdf nfdf] ;do;Dd c6'6, lgs6 / cGt/ª\u ;DaGw ePsf] k|ltef;Fu latfPsf] dxŒjk"0f{ If0fx¿sf] ;+:d/0f ug{ vf]Hbf Tof] s'g} ljnIf0f k|ltef g} xf]Og h:tf] nfUg] s'/f ;ª\u|f}nfn] cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

       lj=;+= @)@* ;fndf kfl/hftsf] ef]6]axfndf /x]sf] 8]/fdf cfˆgf efGhf uª\uf cf]nLsf] ;fydf kfl/hftsf] 8]/fdf k'u]sf] / ;f] cj:yfdf pgL gfgfa]nL ;d:of / j]bgfsf] hfnf]df h]lnPsL, pgnfO{ s'g} /fNkmfnL s[tWg ;Gtltn] h3Go wf]sf lbPsf] /x]5 . afsf] :jf:Yo lau|]sf] /x]5 . cfly{s cefj a9]sf] t kfl/hft lbbLsf] slxNo} lj5f]8 gx'g] b'i6 ;fyL o;} 5Fb} lyof] .[7]

       @)!# ;fndf kfl/hft lbbL;Fu klxnf] jf:tljs / ;fy{s e]6 eof] . pxfF Tof] a]nf Dx]kL, afnfh'df a:g'x'GYof] . kl5 a:g'ePsf] ;'sg lbbLsf] 3/b]lv cln otflt/ pxfFsf] 8]/f lyof] . kfl/hft, lgd{n nfdf / ;'sg lbbLsf] ;+o'Qm lgDtfdf cfkm" uPsf] / bf]xf]/f] zt{sf /f]rs ;'qx¿n] Tof] lgDtf afFlwUPsf] s'/f ;ª\u|f}nf atfpF5g\ . To; ;fFem vfg] / a:g] sfd ToxLF x'g] / ;§fdf syf ;'gfpg' kg]{ zt{ lyof] . ToxfF k'Ubf lgd{n nfdfn] /fFufsf] v'§fsf] ;'df{ agfO/x]sf], Tof] tfultnf], ;:tf] / kf]l;nf] x'g] s'/f lgd{nn] eg] . s'/fsfgLsf qmddf kfl/hftnfO{ ss{z sf]nfxndo jftfj/0fdf a:bf Psfu|tf eª\u x'Fb}g < eg]/ ;f]Wbf 8]/fdf a:g]n] 3/sf] h:tf] ;'ljwf gkfpg], sf]nfxn eP klg cfkm";Fu l;ª\uf] sf]7f ePsf] / b]zdf w]/} dflg;n] /ft sf6\g ?vsf] km]b;Dd gkfpg] hjfkm lbPsf] s'/f vu]Gb| JoQm u5{g\ . vfglkgkl5 cfkm"n] gn]lvPsf] Oltxf; ;'gfPsf] / kfl/hftn] To;sf] k|z+;f u/]sf] atfpF5g\ .

       kfl/hft lbbL kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ n]Vbfsf avt ;f/f ;~rf/ / ;Dks{sf ;f/f 9f]sf aGb u/]/ n]Vg nflug\ .

       kfl/hftsf s[lt 5fKg k|sfzsx¿df xf]8 rNYof] . Toltv]/ cfkm"x¿n] ;|i6f k|sfzg ;'? u/]sf] / kfl/hftsf] Ps s[lt 5fKg] s'/f p7]sf] vu]Gb| atfpF5g\ . kf08'nLlk d'/f/Ln] k9]/ cfkm"nfO{ lbPsf] / ;f] k9\bf To;df kfqsf] cdfgjLs/0fsf] lrq0f k|s[tjfbL z}nLdf u/]sf] cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] pgL JoQm ub{5g\ . kfl/hft lbbLsf To;cl3sf pkGof;x¿sf] bfFhf]df pkGof;df cu'jf ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] pkl:ylt lgD5/f] lyof] . ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] ;+of]hg t emg} lgD5/f] lyof] . cfkm" nufot ;fyLx¿n] pkGof;k|lt k|ltlqmof lbP/ k'gn]{vg nflu cfu|x ubf{ pkGof;df ;r]t 9ª\un] hLjgsf] ;xhzLntfsf] lgjf{x ul/Psf] bfjf ul/of] . k':ts cGo k|sfzgaf6 k|sflzt eof] / ;DaGw klg klxn] h:tf] ePg .

       kl5 Ps lbg kfl/hftsf hfFbf ;f] s[ltaf/] tLtf] ax; eof] . hgdt n] kfl/hft ljz]iffª\s lgsfNbf ;ª\u|f}nfsf] kfl/hft M Ps Zj]tZofd lrq gfds n]v 5flkof] . ;DkfbsLodf g} o; n]vaf/] l6Kk0fL 5flkof] . ;f] n]vdf cfkm"n] kfl/hftsf] jL/k'hs k|j[lQk|lt l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] s'/f pgL atfpF5g\ .

       kfl/hft la/fdL x'Fbf k|n];sf] dxf;lrjsf] x}l;otn] ;+sng ePsf] /sd !) xhf/ a'emfpg uPsf] / kfl/hft efjljef]/ ePsf] k|;+u pgL cl3 ;f5{g\ . kl5 kfl/hftnfO{ lgsf] geP/ ;+;f/ g} 5f8\g' k/]sf] k|;+u pgL cl3 ;f5{g\ . ef}lts ¿kn] cj;fg eP klg efjgfsf] ;+;f/df kfl/hftsf] laDa Ps ck/flhtf zlQmk'~hsf ¿kdf cd/ /xg] ljZjf; pgn] lnPsf 5g\ .

       gjo'jf dfl;s -@)^@_ df vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfsf] kfl/hftsf] ;Demgfdf gfds n]v 5flkPsf] 5 . gful/s clwsf/sf nflu n8\g' k/]sf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf ljutdf kfl/hftn] gful/s clwsf/sf nflu n8]sf] 36gfsf] ;+:d/0f pgn] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

       @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng x'Fbf klg b]zdf x's'dL zf;g /x]sf] / kfl/hftn] ;fx;sf ;fy o'4k|;fb ld> / jf;' zzLsf] xf/fxf/Ldf pleP/ n]vs–snfsf/sf] wgf{df g]t[Tj u/]sf] 36gfaf6 cfkm" k|efljt ePsf] tYo cl3 ;f5{g\ .

       wgf{ a;]sf c¿ n]vs–snfsf/nfO{ k|x/Ln] 3]/]/ n5f/–k5f/ ub}{ kqmfp u/] klg k|x/Ln] 5'g] cfF6 ug{ ;s]g . lsgeg] kfl/hftsf] hLp s'FlhPsf] lyof] . n5f/–k5f/ u/]/ 6«sdf /fVbf s]xL eOxfNof] eg] cfkt knf{ eg]/ k|x/L xlRsof] . kfl/hftn] PSn} b'O{ 306f wgf{ lbOg\ . pgsf] of] ;fx;af6 cfkm"df c;/ k/]sf] / Gofo Pjd\ ;Tosf nflu nflu/xg] k|]/0ff Pjd\ an ldn]sf] ;d]t atfpF5g\ .

       cufl8–k5fl8 7"nf s'/f ug]{ t/ lg0ff{os cj:yfdf d'G6f] n'sfpg]x¿ cfkm"n] w]/} b]v]sf], kfl/hftdf ePsf] h'emf? cfTdljZjf; ePsf n]vs sd b]v]sf] k|;+u cl3 ;fb}{ snd / aGb'saLrsf] clxn]sf] of] 6s/fjdf kfl/hftsf] ;Demgfn] cfkm"nfO{ ;Fw} g} k|]/0ff, cfzf / ;fx; lbg] ljZjf; JoQm ub{5g\ .

$=@=!=* v]d bfxfn

       v]d bfxfnn] ul/df -@)%%_ dfl;sdf clgbf] kxf8;Fu} M Ps ;+lIfKt ljj]rgf n]vdf clgbf] kxf8;Fu} pkGof;sf] ljleGg sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .

lj=;+= @)#) ;fnkl5 kfl/hftsf] ;+nUgtf k|ultjfbL n]lvsfsf hLjgsf k|efjaf6 kf6L{l;t /x]sf] x'Fbf To;kl5sf pgsf /rgfdf n]lvsfsf hLjgsf k|efjaf6 cg'k|fl0ft b[li6sf]0f b]lvG5g\ . clgbf] kxf8;Fu}df pgL k"0f{ ¿kn] k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf/ b]lvPsf] pgsf] ts{ 5 .

       clgbf] kxf8;Fu} -@)@(_ g]kfnL hghLjgdf 36]sf w]/} ;TotYo 36gfx¿nfO{ snfTds ¿k lbOPsf] hLjghutsf] t:jL/ xf] . of] pkGof;df b]zdf ePsf s'/fnfO{ algagfpsf ;fy ptfl/Psf] x'gfn] P]ltxfl;s oyfy{df cfwfl/t pkGof; eGg ;lsG5 .[8]

       ;fdflhs jftfj/0fnfO{ k|d'v :yfg lbP/ pkGof; n]Vg] g]kfnL ;flxTosf Oltxf;df /fhgLltnfO{ k|d'v :yfg lbg] kl/kf6LnfO{ ylkPsf] xf] . k|d'v cfwf/df xfjfkfgL, rng, wd{ g} b]lvPsf kl/k|]Iodf xnrnnfO{ ;/n 9ª\un] c6fP/ ;+lIfKt ¿kdf pkGof; n]Vb} hfFbf kfl/hftn] of] pkGof; @)#^ ;fndf 36]sf 36gf / ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/ agfP/ n]v]sf 5g\ .

$=@=!=( /fdk|;fb 1jfnL

      /fdk|;fb 1jfnLn] hDsf] -@)%%_ dfl;s df kfl/hftsf] l;h{gsfl/tfsf] cWoog, ;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f tyf d"Nofª\sg n]vdf kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf ljleGg kf6fx¿ af/] ;"Id ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . zf/Ll/s ;f}Gbo{ / x7jfbL dfgl;stf ;'?b]lv g} k|fKt u/]sL kfl/hftdf cfˆgf] ¿k;f}Gbo{ / c¿åf/f k|fKt k|z+;f ubf{ pRrtfu|lGyut cxd\ ljsf; a9\of] eg] bflh{lnªsf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{n] pxfFleq sfJofTds xl/ofnL e/]sf] 1jfnL atfpF5g\ . afa'sf] s8f zf;g / cfˆgf] :jR5GbfTdstf tyf 5'§} cl:tTjaf]wut lh4Lkgsf cfEoGtl/s åGådf /ul8Fb} afNoj:yf ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 .

       !% jif{sf] pd]/df cf]5\ofg k/]sL kfl/hft !(–@) jif{sf] pd]/df ckfª\u x'g'eof] . c¿sf] cfkm"dflysf] zf;g / k/fwLgtfnfO{ dg gk/fpg] kfl/hftdf o; 36gfn] ;w}F k/fl>t eP/ afFRg'kg]{ afWotf Nofof] . c;fdfGo kl/l:yltsf] df/df k/]kl5 pxfFdf dfgl;s s'07f, lj;Ëltaf]wh:tf d[To'Gd'vL r]tgfn] 7fpF kfof] .[9]

       1jfnLn] kfl/hftsf] n]vgofqfnfO{ % r/0fdf ljeflht u/]sf 5g\ . klxnf] r/0f -@)!#–@)@)_ :jR5GbtfjfbL kfl/hft, bf];|f] r/0f -@)@!–@)@%_ lj;ËltjfbL kfl/hft, t];|f] r/0f -@)@^–@)@(_ k|ultjfbf]Gd'v kfl/hft, rf}yf] r/0f -@)#)–@)$%_ k|ultjfbL kfl/hft, kfFrf} r/0f -@)$&–@)$(_ ljrngf]Gd'vL kfl/hft . o;/L r/0f ljefhg u/] klg 1jfnLn] kfl/hftsf] s[ltTjnfO{ k"jf{4{ -;'?b]lv– @)@( ;Dd_ / pQ/f4{ -@)#) b]lv kl5_ u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/L ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       cfsf+Iff sljtf;ª\u|x pxfFsf cWoogsfnsf /rgfx¿ x'g\ . o; ;ª\u|xaf6 kfl/hftdf k|ltef, k|jfx, ljZjf; / ;Defjgf /x]sf] a'‰g ;lsG5 . gf/L ;+j]bgfsf /];fx¿, gf/L cl:tTjsf] df]x / k|:t'ltdf k|of]uwld{tf kfOG5 . o; cy{df ;+j]bgf, lj;ª\ultaf]w / cl:tTjsf aLh o;};ª\u|xdf kfpg ;lsG5 .

       kl5Nnf] r/0fsf sljtfdf uBnofTds k|jfx / nf]snofTds cGtu'{Dkmgn] k|efjzfnL / ;zQm ag]sf] Pjd\ ;'Gb/ laDa / k|ltssf] snfTdstf kfOG5 . ju{ ;ª\3if{sf] ;fdflhs oyfy{nfO{ ;r]t k|ultjfbL sjloqL kfl/hftn] efjkl/kfs k|bfg u/L k|:t't ug'{ePsf] / pxfFsf] sljTjsf] k|ltlglwTj a}+;fn' jt{dfg -@)%)_ n] ug]{ s'/f;d]t 1jfnLn] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

       k"jf{4{{sf syfx¿df kfl/hft hLjglt/sf] :ki6 / :j:y b[li6sf]0f vf]Hg] eGbf g}/fZosf cfF;' aufpg] tyf lg/y{s x'Fsf/sf 5fnx¿ p7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . c;Gt'li6, z"Gotf 5fPsf] 5 . pxfFn] k|]dLnfO{ b'Tsfg'{ eof] t/ pxfFleqsL gf/Ln] k'?if:kz{sf] rfxgf ul//xL / pm ck|flKtsf] cGth{ngdf em'lN;/xL . pxfFn] Tof] cJoQm cg'e"lt ul//xg' eof] t/ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg' ePg . To;}n] pxfFsf oL syfx¿df r/d of}gs'07f / dxflj;Ëltaf]w kfOG5 . pQ/f4{sf syfx¿ k"jfw{eGbf k[ys b]lvG5g\ . oL syfx¿df dfgjLo d"Nosf] cjd"Nog kfOGg . oL syfx¿df dfG5]nfO{ ;Eo, ;';+:s[t, ;'Gb/ / kl/is[t k|f0fLsf ¿kdf JofVof ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] hjfnL bfjf ub{5g\ .

       lz/Lifsf] km"n / dxQfxLg pkGof;x¿df JolQmut s'07f, kL8f, /f]bg, g}/fZo, lg:;f/tf, z"Gotfh:tf dfgjå]ifL efj tyf ljrf/nfO{ kf]Vg] kfl/hftn] a}+;sf] dfG5] pkGof;df cfqmf]z, ljb|f]x / c;Gt'li6 k|:t't ug'{ePsf] 5 . klxn]sf pkGof; ?Gr] cfF;' x'g\ eg] of] pkGof; cJojl:yt t/ t'ngfTds ¿kdf :jLsfo{ cfF6 xf] . tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ pkGof;df hgtfsf sl7gfOx¿ / ;fdflhs lj;Ëltsf] pb\3f6g ul/Psf] kfOP tfklg ;Dk"0f{tM k|ultjfbnfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o;} pkGof;af6 kfl/hftsf] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL lrGtgsf] ofqf ;'? x'G5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{nfO{ r/Kk kqm]/ k|ultjfbL snfd"Nosf] pbfx/0f lbg g;s] klg ;fdflhs ?l9jfbL / vf]qmf 9f]Fux¿sf leQf la:tf/} 9Nb} uPsf] oyfy{nfO{ klxNofpg ;s]sf] 5 . clgbf] kxf8;Fu} kfl/hftsf] ;j{>]i7 pkGof; ag]sf]  5 . o; pkGof;n] h'g :j:y, ;'Gb/ / :ki6 r]tgf tyf pRr snfsf] ul/df k|fKt u/]sf] 5, To;nfO{ kfl/hftsf kl5Nnf pkGof;x¿n] y]Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\ . kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ df kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL hLjgr]tgf s]xL 8udufPsf] 5 . o;df of}gljs[lt lrofPsf] 5 . pkGof;sL gflosfsf] qf;b cGTo h;/L x'G5, To;n] kfl/hftdf /x]sf] k"jf{4{{sf] lj;Ëltaf]w km]l/ hfUg vf]h]sf] cg'ej x'G5 t/ Tof] Ifl0fs b]lvG5 eg]/ 1jfnLn] eg]sf 5g\ .

       cfTd;+:d/0fdf kfl/hftn] s]jn ljutsf] ;+:d/0fdfq ug'{ePsf] 5}g, ;fydf :jo+nfO{ gfos agfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgsf] :jo+n] ko{j]If0f, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg;d]t ug'{ePsf] 5 . dflg;n] k|foM cfˆgf sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ 9fs5f]k ug]{ k|of; ug]{ u/] tfklg kfl/hftn] To; lsl;dsf] k|of; gu/]sf] / OdfGbfl/tf / lgle{stfn] pxfFnfO{ oyfy{ ¿kdf k|:t't x'g ;3fPsf] 5 .

       kfl/hftsf k"jf{4{{sf /rgfx¿df lg:;f/tf, knfog, r/d JolQmjfbL cl:tTjaf]w, k|mfo8Lo of}gs'07f, r/d lj;Ëltaf]w, k|of]uwdL{ lzNk b]vf k5{g\ eg] pQ/f4{sf /rgfx¿df :j:y lrGtg, :ki6 lbzfaf]w ub}{ juL{o ;r]ttf / ;fd"lxs Gofosf :j/x¿ kfOg] 1jfnLsf] egfO{ 5 .

$=@=!=!) d~h'n

       d~h'nn] ;dsfnLg ;flxTo q}dfl;s -@)%^_ df kfl/hftM cg'e"ltsL uflosf n]vdf kfl/hftsf] hLjg Pjd\ n]vg ;DaGwdf cfˆgf wf/0ff / ljrf/x¿ ;':ki6 9ª\un] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftnfO{ s;}n] lg/fzfjfbL, s;}n] z"GojfbL, s;}n] cl:tTjjfbL / w]/}n] dfS;{jfbL eg] klg ;a} ts{x¿ cf–cfˆgf] 7fpFdf alnof 5g\ . kfl/hftn] ;a}nfO{ o;f] eGg] df}sf lbg'ePsf] 5 . kfl/hft oL ;a} x'g'x'G5 / of] eGbf a9L klg x'g'x'G5 . vf;df kfl/hft cfˆgf] cg'e"ltsL ;zQm uflosf x'g'x'G5 .[10]

       kfl/jfl/s ¿kdf 36]sf 36gf–b'3{6gfn] kfl/hftnfO{ lg/fz t'Nofof] . o:tf] a]nf sxfFsxfF v';Lsf] uLt ufpg] < sxfF cfzf / pdª\usf s'/f ug]{ < hLjgfg'e"ltn] pxfFnfO{ To;f] ug]{ df}sf lbPg . To;}n] pxfF lg/fzfjfbL aGg'eof], 3f]/ lg/fzfjfbL .

       dxQfxLg n]lv/x]sf a]nf Ps x'n o'jfx¿ cfP– 5f]/f, efO clg ;fyLsf] ¿kdf . ltgLx¿n] lj;Ëltsf sf/0fx¿ s]nfP . ;ª\3if{ Gofgf] / tfultnf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] af]w u/fP . jftfj/0f km/s eP kl5 pxfF cfzfjfbL x'g'eof], ;ª\3if{zLn x'g'eof] .

       /fNkmf x'Fb} dfS;{jfbL cf:yf cg'¿k ag]sf] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{df ;fd]n x'g'eof] . /fNkmfsfnsf ltg} o'jfx¿dWo] /fognfO{ lnP/ ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj ug'{eof] . dlxnfx¿sf] dfq x}g, tdfd qmflGtsf/L kª\ltsf g]tfx¿dWo]sL Ps hgf g]tf x'g'eof] . pxfFn] a}+;sf] dfG5] jf ToxL z[ª\vnfsf c¿ pkGof; dfq xf]Og clgbf] kxf8;Fu} klg n]v]/ ;s];Dd dfS;{jfbL ePsf] s'/f d~h'n JoQm ub{5g\ .

       cfˆgf] kf6L{ km'6] kl5 pxfF klxn]h:tf] pT;fxL x'g' ePg . /fhgLlteGbf ;dfh;]jfdf ;lqmo x'g'eof] . kfl/hft dfS;{jfbL eP klg dfS;{jfbL cfr/0f k"0f{ ¿kdf kfngf gug]{ :jefjsf sf/0f cfnf]lrt eO/x]sf] s'/f d~h'n atfpF5g\ . l;4fGteGbf cg'e"ltn] g]t[Tj u/]sf]n] cg'e"ltsL gflosf ePsf] / hLjgdf klg To;sf] 5fk b]vf k/]sf] s'/f d~h'n bfjf ub{5g\ .

$=@=!=!! s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]

       s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]n] ul/df dfl;s -@)%&_ df kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tf / ;8s / k|ltef syfsf] ljZn]if0f zLif{s ;dfnf]rgfTds n]vdf kfl/hftsf] syf n]vgsf r/0f ljefhgsf] ;fy} ;8s / k|ltef syfsf] ljZn]if0f;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftn] sljtf, syf, pkGof;, cfTd;+:d/0f / lgaGw n]v] tfklg u'0ffTds of]ubfgsf cfwf/df pkGof;kl5 pgsf] syfsf/ JolQmTj g} a9L k|v/ ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . kfl/hftsf k|foM syfx¿ r]vasf h:tf 5f]6f eP/ klg ;fdflhs hghLjgsf] afWotf / JolQm ljz]ifsf] dfgl;s lrq lvRg ;kmn b]lvG5g\ . pgsf syfx¿n] ;dsfnLg o'usf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ ;do;fk]If kl/j]zsf] pb\3f6g u/]sf x'G5g\ . ;dsfnLg oyfy{ / lj;Ëltaf]wsf] ;Tofkg kfl/hftsf syfdf ul/Psf] x'G5 . oxL g} pgsf syfsf] pbfx/0fLo kIf xf] eg]sf 5g .

       l3ld/]n] kfl/hftsf] syf ofqfnfO{ b'O{ efudf afF8]/ rf/ r/0fdf pkljefhg u/]sf    5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ k"jf{4{ efu -@)@!–@)#@_ / pQ/f4{ efu -@)##–@)$(_ ;Dd ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . k"jf{4{ efu cGt{ut k|yd r/0f @)@!–@)@% ;Dd / låtLo r/0f @)@^–@)#@ ;Dd pkljefhg ul/Psf] 5 eg] pQ/f4{ efu cGt{ut t[tLo r/0f @)##–@)$# ;Dd / rf}yf] r/0f @)$$–@)$( ;Dd pkljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . k|yd r/0fdf cflbd b]z -@)@%_ sf lj;ËltjfbL syfx¿ kb{5g\ eg] låtLo r/0fdf /fNkmfnL sfnsf lj;ËltjfbL–lg:;f/tfjfbL syfx¿ kb{5g\ . t[tLo r/0fdf ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfF;' -@)$#_ h:tf k|ultjfbL syfx¿ kb{5g\ eg] rf}yf] r/0fdf jwzfnf hfFbf cfpFbf -@)$(_ h:tf ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL syfx¿ kb{5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] ;8s / k|ltef syf dw'ks{ -@)@%_ klqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf] / kl5 s[ltdf ;ª\u|lxt ul/Psf] xf] . pgn] o;nfO{ pTs[i6 k|of]ujfbL syf eg]sf 5g\ .[11]

       lj=;+= @)!& kl5 g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf ps';d's';sf] jftfj/0fn] ubf{ ;a} If]qdf :jtGqtfsf] ckx/0fsf] l:ylt b]vf k¥of] . kmntM tTsfnLg ;|i6fx¿sf] k|ltef ;]G;/l;kdf k/]/ v'hd'lhof] . ;dfhdf ePsf cGofo, c;dfgtf / cTofr/sf] lj/f]wdf @)@# ;fndf /fNkmf gfdsf] hdft b]lvof] . kfl/hft o;} /fNkmf ;d'bfoleqsL Ps k|d'v JolQmTj x'g\ . /fNkmfn] ;fdflhs lj;Ëltsf] lj/f]w ug]{ nIo lnPsf] lyof] . oxL efjgfsf] cleJolQm ;8s / k|ltef syfdf kfOG5 .

       of}g :jtGqtfsf] kIfdf syf af]n]sf] 5 . hLjgsf] lg:;f/tf / lj;Ëltaf]w ug]{ o; syfdf g]kfnL, g]jf/L / cª\u|]hL efiffsf zAbx¿ 5g\ . syfdf k|of]ujfbL k|j[lQ kfOG5 . ;xl/of kl/j]zaf6 JolQm dgdl:tisdf ;ª\s6u|:t cj:yfsf] lrq0f ub}{ /fhwfgLdf afFr]sf dflg;x¿sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ef}ltsjfbL cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] l3ld/] atfpF5g\ .

       s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]n] uf]/vfkq zlgjf/ -@)^@_ df …kfl/hftsf w]/} s'/fx¿df ljjfb 5 .Ú zLif{s n]vdf kfl/hft;DaGwL ljjfbx¿ pNn]v ug'{sf ;fy} s]xL ljjfbsf] clGtd 6'ª\uf];d]t nufPsf] kfOG5 .

       l3ld/]n] kfl/hftsf ;DaGwdf w]/} s'/fx¿df ljjfb /x] klg o; n]vdf tLgj6f ljifodf ePsf ljjfbx¿ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . …hGdldlt;DaGwL ljjfbÚ df cfkm", ab|Lljzfn kf]v/]n / bflh{lnªsf ;flxTosf/ laGBf\ ;'Aaf kfl/hftsf] hGd:yn hfFbf pgsf] hGd:yfg d]l/a'ª lrofsdfgsf] tn lnª\u] lrofaufgdf ePsf] tYo cl3 cfPsf] atfPsf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf a'afn] pgnfO{ sIff– @ df g]kfn uN;{ xfO:s'ndf egf{ ubf{ cfˆg} xftn] n]v]/ a'emfPsf] clen]v kmf/fddf pgsf] hGdldlt !(() ;fn kmfNu'0f #) ut] n]vfPsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;fdu|L km]nf kf/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] :jod\n] eg]sf] egfO, pgsf afa'n] sIff– @ df egf{ ubf{ cfkm}n] hGdldlt n]v]/ a'emfPsf] clen]v kmf/fd / hGd]sf] va/ ug{ hfg] dfG5]n] eg]sf] cfwf/df pgsf] hGd !(() ;fn kmfNu'0f #) ut] d+unaf/ g} ePsf] k|df0f ldn]sf] P]ltxfl;s tYo hg;dIf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .    

l3ld/]sf cg';f/ kfl/hftn] k|fylds ljBfno, bflh{lnªdf ;j{k|yd k9]sf] kfOG5 . cª\u|]hL, g]kfnL, ul0ft / nfdf -efiff_ k9]sf] b]lvG5 . of] a'l4i6 ljBfno x'G5 . To;kl5 qmdzM g]kfn uN;{ xfO:s'ndf @–^ ;Dd, ;]G6 6]l/hfdf &–* / (–!) zf/b]Zj/Ldf k9]sf] kfOG5 . @)!! ;fn d+;L/df sf7df8f}+ cfP/ k|fOe]6 k/LIff lbPsf] -P;\=Pn\=;L=_ / pQL0f{ ePsf] kfOG5 . k|foM n]vsx¿n] g]kfn uN;{ xfO:s'n afx]s cGo ljBfnosf] gfd pNn]v u/]sf] kfOFb}g .[12] pgLx¿n] :ynut cWoog u/L NofPsf] k|df0f ePsfn] logsf wf/0ffdf j:t'jfbL ;Totf kfOG5 .

       o;/L hGdldlt / ljBfno;DaGwL ljjfb;Fu} kfl/hftsf] s[lt ;DaGwdf klg ljjfb /x]sf] l3ld/] atfpF5g\ . af]gL -@)$*_ df ;fª\u|Lnf k|sfzgaf6 n3'pkGof; eg]/ k|sflzt x'G5 . To;eGbf cufl8 ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfF;' -@)$#_ df syf eg]/ k|sflzt ePsf] x'G5 . ;dfnf]rs xL/fdl0f zdf{n] n3'pkGof; eg]/ ts{ lbPkl5 @)$* df pkGof;sf] ¿kdf k|sflzt x'G5 . o;af/]df cem} klg rrf{ kl/rrf{ xfn;Dd klg eO/x]sf] 5 . w"kL, ;Nnf / nfnLu'F/f;sf] km]bdf -@)$#_ / cWoog / ;ª\3if{ -@)%)_ df cfTd;+:d/0f eg]/ k|sflzt eP klg cfTdsyf eGg'kg]{ kfl/hftsf] cGo ljwfsf] cWoog ljifodf :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w ug]{ /d]zrGb| /f]sf / zf]s lgb]{zs leS6/ k|wfgsf] /x]sf] ts{ tkm{ l3ld/n] ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ .

    l3ld/]sf] cg';Gwfg j}1flgs / tYodf cfwfl/t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pgL kfl/hftsf] cWoogdf 8'a]sf k|dflf0fs JolQm dflgG5g\ .

$=@=!=!@ adaxfb'/ yfkf ‘lhtfnL’

       adaxfb'/ yfkf lhtfnL n] ;dsfnLg ;flxTo q}dfl;s -@)%(_ df pkGof;sf/ kfl/hft / pgsf] lz/Lifsf] km"n gfds ;dfnf]rgfTds n]vdf kfl/hftsf] pkGof;sfl/tfsf] ;fy} lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .

   g]kfnL pkGof; ;flxTodf kfl/jfl/s ;Gbe{b]lv dfly p7]/ juL{o, Joj;flos / k|ultzLn b[li6sf]0fnfO{;d]t cFufn]/ pkGof; n]Vg] s]xL pkGof;sf/x¿ kl5 dfq o; If]qdf kfl/hftsf] cfudg x'G5 . pkGof;sf] If]qdf kfl/hft cfpg' cufl8 g]kfnL pkGof;n] ;fdflhs ;Gbe{nfO{ d"n jf uf}0f ¿kdf cFufn]sf] lyof] .

       @)@@ ;fndf lz/Lifsf] km"n ;Fu} b]vfkg]{ kfl/hftn] cfˆgf] klxnf] pkGof;df ;dfhnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kaf6 kl/Tofu ug{ k'u]sL 5g\ . o; pkGof;df ;fdflhs ;Gbe{ uf}0f ¿kdf klg km]nf kg{ ;Sb}g . kfl/hftsf] hLjg–b[li6 ;dfh–lg/k]If 5 . pkGof;df k|ltssf] k|of]uåf/f hLjg / hutsf] lj;Ëlt JoQm ug]{ qmddf cf}kGofl;s snf ultnf] / ;'Gb/ aGg k'u]sf] 5 . efiffdf sfJofTdstf / z}nLdf ;fwf/0f kl/isf/ cFufNg] o; pkGof;n] pkGof; / pkGof;sf/nfO{ ;hLj / ;zQm k|ltefsf ¿kdf p7fPsf] 5 .[13]

       cfTdk/s z}nLdf n]lvPsf] lz/Lifsf] km"n Ps hLjg ljZn]if0ffTds pkGof; xf] . of] pkGof;n] z"GotfjfbL, lg:;f/tfjfbL, knfogjfbL / lj;ËltjfbL hLjg–bz{gsf] ljj]rgf u/]sf] 5 . of] pkGof; hLjg–bz{g / cf}kGofl;s ;ª\u7gsf b[li6n] g]kfnL pkGof; ;flxTodf lgtfGt df}lns / gjLg ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] lhtfnL rrf{ u5{g\ .

       pkGof;sf ;Dk"0f{ rl/q, kl/j]z / hLjg–b[li6n] lj;Ëltsf] l;ª\uf] ;ª\u|fxno aGg k'u]sf] 5 . pkGof;leq JoQm ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ lj;ËltjfbL bz{g ;'of]ujL/sf cfFvfn] b]Vg ;lsG5 / p;}sf] efjgf / cleJolQmdf n]Vg ;lsG5 / p;}sf] hLjgrof{df k9\g ;lsG5 . p;sf] hLjgdf lzj/fh ;f/xLg afFlr/x]sf]  5 . ;sDa/L Pp6L lg:;f/ hLjg latfO/x]sL :jf:gLdfG5] xf] / pm cfkm"rfFxL z"Gotfdf vfl/P/ lgl:s;s]sf] dfG5] xf] eGg] s'/f lhtfnL bfjf u5{g\ .

       o; pkGof;df cFuflnPsf] hLjg–b[li6 lg:;f/, lj;ª\ut / cl:tTjxLg dfq 5 eGg] s'/f pkGof;n] 5n{Ë kf/]sf s'/f lhtfnL cleJoQm u5{g\ .

$=@=!=!# gogf k|wfg

       gogf k|wfgn] dw'ks{ dfl;s -@)^)_ df ax'cfolds l;h{gfsf ;fws kfl/hft n]vdf kfl/hftsf] ;flxTo ofqfsf km/s–km/s wf/x¿sf] k|j[lQ s]nfpg] sfd u/]sL 5g\ .

       ;j{k|yd @)!# ;fndf w/tL klqsfdf b'O{ sljtfx¿sf ¿kdf 5flkUPsf] lyof] . kfl/hftsf k|f/lDes /rgfx¿df /f]dflG6s efjwf/f / k|]d / k|0fosf efjwf/fx¿ JoQm ePsf 5g\ . @)!$ ;fndf kfl/hftsf] cfsf+Iff sljtf;ª\u|x k|sflzt eof] . Ps o'jtLsf] efj's k|]dk|;ª\u / pgn] ef]u]sf] hLjg / jf:tljstf g} sljtfsf] ljifoj:t' ag]sf] b]lvG5 . cfsf+Iffleqsf sljtfx¿ k|]d cfu|x / To;sf] c;kmntfaf6 pTkGg ePsf] lg/fzf   xf] . o; leqsf sljtfx¿n] efj lzNk / ;+/rgfut pRrtf k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

       kfl/hftsf] cfsf+Iff b]lv kfl/hftsf sljtf ;Ddsf] ofqf ubf{ lgtfGt j}olQms cfTdk/s efjnfO{ sljtfdf k|:t't ePsf] k|wfgn] pNn]v u/]sL 5g\ . a}+;fn' jt{dfg sljtfdf rfFxL ;fdflhs ljs[ltx¿sf] ;d:ofx¿sf] oyfy{ kIf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . a}+;fn' jt{dfg cGo b'O{ s[ltx¿sf] s'l07t dfgl;stfsf] lj;ª\ut / ljsf/o'Qm k|:t'ltsf cufl8 Ps ;kmn s[lt ag]sf] 5 .[14] kfl/hftsf] cfsf+Iff nfO{ k[i7e"ldsfnLg /rgf, kfl/hftsf sljtf nfO{ cEof;sfnLg /rgf Pjd\ a}+;fn' jt{dfg nfO{ kl/kSj n]vsLo pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf cf}+Nofpg ;lsg] ts{ pgn] ;ª\s]t u/]sL 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tfsf] k|f/De d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] h:tf cl:tTj / dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] ¿kdf ePsf] rrf{ ub}{ pgsf syfx¿nfO{ syf / k|of]ujfbL syf;d]t eg]/ dflgg] ts{ pgn] cl3 ;f/]sL 5g\ . lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;n] kfl/hftnfO{ dbg k'/:sf/ lbnfpg'sf] ;fy} pgnfO{ clt nf]slk|o agfof] . lz/Lifsf] km"n Ps cd/ s[lt ag]sf] pgsf] ljZn]if0f 5 .

       pQ/f4{ r/0fdf g]kfnL hghLjgsf] ju{ ;ª\3if{ / oyfy{sf] lrq0f ub}{{ qmflGtsf/L efjwf/nfO{ JoQm ug]{ pkGof; tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ df kfl/hftsf b'j} vfn] k|j[lQ kfOG5 .

       ;flxlTos /rgfdf @)!@–@)$( ;fn;Dd ;lqmo ePsL kfl/hft efj's / /f]dflG6sjfbL sjloqL x'Fb} cl:tTj / lj;ËltjfbL hLjg bz{gnfO{ k|:t't ub}{ /fNkmfnL cfGbf]ngsf] k|jt{s / g]t[Tj ub}{ cGTodf k|ultjfbL wf/ftkm{ pGd'v ePsf] k|wfgsf] bfjf  kfOG5 .

$=@=!=!$ kjg cfnf]s

       kjg cfnf]sn] dw'ks{ dfl;s -@)^)_ kfl/hftsf] Pp6f lr7L df kfl/hftsf] ;Demgf ug'{sf ;fy} pgn] cfkm"nfO{ k7fPsf] lr7L;d]t k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

       lj=;+= @)@& ;fnlt/ kfl/hft;Fu k'tnL;8sdf kl/ro ePsf] / To;kl5 pgsxfF cfkm" hfg] u/]sf] ;+:d/0f u/]sf 5g\ . kfl/hftn] efOh:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{ / pxfFsf] :g]xk"0f{ Jojxf/af6 cfkm" cToGt k|efljt ePsf] s'/f;d]t pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       @)#@ h]7 @) df gofFahf/af6 k7fPsf] lr7Ldf kfl/hftn] cfkm" ladf/ eP/ hFrfpg jL/ c:ktfn ePsf], 8]9 dlxgf ToxL a:g'kg]{ s'/f agfPsL 5g\ . ;fyLefOsf k|;+usf ;fy} k|1fk|lti7fgdf kf08'lnlk aemfpg' kg]{ ;"rgf cfP klg 6fOkn] l9nf ePsf] k|;+u pNn]v u/]sL 5g\ .[15]

       sf7df8f}+df xf]6n, jf/, ljb]zLx¿sf] hd36, /S;L, l;g]df, dgdf}hsf] /d;fg 5 . ToxfFaf6 knfog x'g] 7fpF gePsf], s'07f / lg/fzfsf] sfnf] afbn eP klg To;}af6 ljb|f]x hGdg] / gf}nf] ljxfgL, gf}nf] hfu/0fsf] ;'? ug'{kg]{ s'/f cleJoQm kfOG5 .

       klxn]eGbf cfkm" clxn] :j:y ePsf] / kl/jt{gsf l:yltx¿ n]Vb} hfg] k|lta4tf ;lxt Pp6f l;ª\uf] ;d"x;Fu k|ltzf]w afFsL /x]sf] ;Gbe{ cl3 ;fy}{ ldqx¿nfO{ ;Demgf ;'gfO lbg cfu|x;d]t u/]sL 5g\ .

$=@=!=!% afnfs[i0f clwsf/L

       afnfs[i0f clwsf/Ln] ul/df dfl;s -@)^@_ df kfl/hftsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTj gfds n]vdf kfl/hftsf] hLjg / n]vg ;DaGwdf ljleGg kIfdf k|sfz kf/]sf
5g\ . kfl/hftsf] ;ª\3if{do hLjg / pgsf] ;flxTok|ltsf] Pslgi6 nufjsf] pRr d"Nofª\sg;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftn] JolQmut hLjg cefj, s'07f / lj;Ëlto'Qm eP klg cfˆgf] cg'kd]o l;h{gzLntfn] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;du|tfnfO{ clåtLo u'0f nufPsf] s'/f clwsf/L atfpF5g\ .

       /f]usf sf/0f pgsf] j}olQms / ef}lts hLjg gf/sLo ag] klg ef}lts / oflGqs ;'v;'ljwfsf nflu vr{ x'g] pgsf z/L/sf ;Dk"0f{ cª\u–k|Toª\ux¿sf] zlQm s]lGb|t x'Fb} dl:tisdf l;h{gfTds zlQmsf ¿kdf k'~hLs[t eof] . hLjgsf lg:;f/tf, lg/y{stf, ck"0f{tf / cefjx¿df l;h{gfTds efjdfw'/Lsf] vf]hL ub}{ l;h{gf / ;f}Gbo{sf] dxfo1df pgL hLjgko{Gt ;dflw ul//lxg\ .

       ;fg}b]lvsf] z}lIfs jftfj/0f, afa'sf] g}lts lzIff / cfˆg} :jtGqtfljd'v rfxgfn] pgsf] JolQmTj ljsf;nfO{ k[i7e"ld k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . :jtGq, lg8/, lgeL{s / xSsL Pjd\ ljb|f]xL :jefjn] pgsf cfGtl/s ¿kdf ;'if'Kt /x]sf JolQmTjsf ljljw kf6fx¿ phfu/ ePsf] clwsf/L bfjf u5{g\ .

       pgn] k"jL{o ;flxTo / bz{gsf dxŒjk"0f{ u|Gyx¿, af}4 bz{gdf cfwfl/t z"GojfbL bz{g, kfZrfTo ;flxTosf ;fq{, sfd', lgT;] cflbsf lj;ËltjfbL–cl:tTjjfbL bz{g / k|mfo8jfbL of}gdgf]lj1fgsf] uxg cWoog u/]sL lyOg\ . k"j{ Pjd\ klZrdsf log} bz{g / 1fgu'gsf s'/fx¿sf] cWoogn] guPsf] af}l4s JolQmTj ul/dfzfnL ag]sf] b]lvG5 .[16]

       gf/L hLjgr]tgf, gf/L x'g'sf] afWotf, ljjztf / ;dfhn] gf/Lk|lt /fv]sf dfGotfx¿sf] ljb|f]xfTds k|:t'lt pgsf syfdf kfOG5 . ;fdflhs ;d:of, juL{o ;d:of, / To;n] lgDTofPsf b'ikl/0ffdx¿ / ;fdflhs ljv08gsf] lrq0f pgsf syfx¿df kfOG5 . syfdf gf/L of}gdgf]ljZn]if0fsf] lr/kmf/ ub}{ lj;ËltjfbL–cl:tTjjfbL, z"GojfbL bz{gsf] k|ltkfbgtkm{ pgsf] syfsf/ JolQmTj pBt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

       kfl/hftsf] pkGof;sf/ JolQmTj lj;Ëltaf]w, cl:tTjaf]w / z"Gotfaf]wdf dfq /GylgPsf] 5}g, k|mfo8Lo of}gs'07fåf/f klg Toltsf} k|tfl8t ePsf] 5 . @)#) ;fnkl5sf] pkGof;df pgsf] hLjgnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f km]l/Psf] 5 . o; ;dodf hLjgsf cg'ej / cg'e"ltnfO{ sNkgfsf] hnk nufP/ Pp6f zf]if0f, cGofo / ju{/lxt k|ultzLn ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgftkm{ pgsf] pkGof;sf/ JolQmTj clgbf] kxf8;Fu} r'lnPsf] 5 .

       pgsf] ;du| s[ltTj :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/faf6 cf/De eO{ lj;ËltjfbL, cl:tTjjfbL / z"GojfbL bz{gsf] lqsf]0ffTds ;lDdngaf6 k|ultjfbL hLjg r]tgftkm{ d'vl/t ePsf] kfOG5 . k|f/DesfnLg -@)!#–@)@!_ /rgfdf :jR5GbtfjfbL, dWojtL{ k|x/ -@)@!–@)#)_ df lj;ËltjfbL, cl:tTjjfbL / z"GojfbL bz{gs]lGb|t k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 eg] pQ/jtL{ k|x/ -@)#) b]lv d[To'ko{Gt_ pk/f]Qm b'j} k|j[lQsf ;fy k|ultjfbL hLjg r]tgfdf ljlzli6s[t ePsf] clwsf/Lsf] lgZsif{ 5 .

$=@=!=!^ 1fg' kf08]

       1fg' kf08]n] dw'ks{ dfl;s -@)^@_ df g]kfnL pkGof;df gf/L ;|i6fsf] pkl:ylt / jt{dfg cj:yf gfds n]vdf kfl/hftsf ;DaGwdf ;+lIfKt rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       g]kfnL pkGof;df gf/L ;|i6fsf] ;+nUgtf kl5Nnf] r/0fdf kfl/hftaf6 ePsf] / pgn] g]kfnL pkGof;df gofF wf/nfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf] rrf{ u/]sL 5g\ . g]kfnL pkGof;df g]kfnLleq}af6 cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL lrGtgnfO{ leœofpg] sfd pgn] ul/g\ . g]kfnL pkGof;df lbPsf klxnf b'O{ s[ltx¿ cl:tTjjfbL–lj;ËltjfbL k/Dk/fsf] cToGt pTs[i6 k|flKt l;4 eof] eg] afFsL pkGof;x¿n] g]kfnL pkGof;sf] k|ultjfbL tyf cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL wf/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ prfO aGg k'u]sf] ts{ kf08] ;ª\s]t ul5{g\ .

$=@=!=!& O{Zj/L clwsf/L

       O{Zj/L clwsf/Ln] sflGtk'/ sf];]nL -@)%)_ df o;/L yfx} gkfO{ em¥of] lz/Lifsf] km"n zLif{s n]vdf kfl/hftsf] ;Demgf u/]sL 5g\ .

       ;'Gb/tf / ;'uGwsf] k|lts …kfl/hftÚ dg k/fpg] lji0f's'df/L kl5 To;} gfdaf6 k|Voft eO{g\ .

       pgL dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfdf :jtGq cfjfh p7fpg] k|v/ jQmf gf/L :jtGqtfsL g]t[, gf/L dd{1 :jfledfgL ;|i6f lyOg\ .[17]

       $@ jif{sf] nfdf] g]kfn a;fO eP/ klg g]kfnL gful/stf;Dd k|fKt ug{ ;lsgg\ . pkrf/sf] nflu ljb]z k|:yfg ug{ rflxg] kf;kf]6{ agfpg gful/stfsf] cefj g} tuf/f] ag]sf] s'/f clwsf/L cleJoQm ul5{g\ .

$=@=!=!* s]bf/ e§/fO{

       s]bf/ e§/fO{n] k'ghf{u/0f -@)%)_ df em¥of] lz/Lifsf] km"n klg zLif{s n]vdf ef}lts ¿kdf ghGdfPsf] 5f]/faf6 ljt[i0ff eO{ 5f]/f] ghGdfpg rfx]sL jfOafn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf w]/} cd/ ;Gtfg 5f]8]sL l5g\ .

       lj;Ëlt g} hLjg xf] eGg] kfl/hftsf] hLjg :jo+df Ps lj;Ëlt xf] .

       hLljt ;flxTosf/nfO{ 9f]sf y'Gg] / alxisf/ ug]{ clg ltgsf] nfz leœofP/ nHhf:kb gf6s ug]{ k|1f–k|lti7fgk|lt l;h{gfsf d"xfgsf] 3[0ff b]lvof] .[18]

       ;ª\3if{zLn kfl/hftsf] cf:yfsf] bLkaf6 g]kfnLx¿nfO{ af6f] b]vfpg] e§/fO{ atfpF5g\ .

$=@=!=!( w|'jrGb| uf}td

       8f= w|'jrGb| uf}tdn] sflGtk'/ sf];]nL -@)%)_ df kfl/hft, lz/Lifsf] km"n / klxnf] P06L lx/f] gfds n]vdf kfl/hft;Fusf cfˆgf ;xsfo{sf lbgx¿sf] ;Demgf u/]sf 5g\ .

       lj=;++= @)$* ;fndf bfªdf ePsf] ;flxlTos sfo{qmddf hfFbf kfl/hft;Fu ;xsfo{ ePsf] k|;+u cl3 ;fb}{ kfl/hftnfO{ lz/Lifsf] km"n n] h'g Voflt lbof], To;sf] t'ngf c¿ s'g} ;flxlTos 36gfl;t x'g g;Sg] bfjf u5{g\ .

       clwsf+z kf7s, n]vs / ;dfnf]rs kfl/hftsf] pTs[i6 s[lt lz/Lifsf] km"n ePsf] dfGb5g\ . lz/Lifsf] km"n cfˆgf] ;dosf] ;'Gb/ b:tfj]h xf] .

       kfl/hft;Fu kl5;Dd klg e]63f6 eO/xg] k|;ª\u;d]t pgn] cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

       To;/L g} 8f= uf}tdn] b]zfGt/ -@)%)_ df kfl/hftM o:t}–o:t} ;Demgf n]vdf lj=;+= @)@! ;fnlt/ lz/Lifsf] km"n n]Vbftfsf kfl/hft;Fu kl/ro ePsf] lbgsf] ;Demgf u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hft l/;fP/ af]n]sf] cfkm"n] slxNo} klg gb]v]sf] pgn] atfPsf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] ;ª\utn] n]vgn] n]vgdf ;'wf/ cfof] . cGTokl5 n]v]/ pgnfO{ b]vfpFbf slt af}l4s n]v]sf] eg]/ l6Kk0fL ul/g\ .[19]

       kfl/hftsf] ;Ddfgdf kl5 lj/u~hdf sfo{qmd /fv]sf] uf}td atfpF5g\ .

       To:t} b]zfGt/ -@)%)_ df g} 8f= uf}tdsf] kfl/hftsf] kmf]g cfpg 5f8\of] gfds n]v k|sflzt 5 . lz/Lifsf] km"n df ;dfnf]rsx¿n] lzj/fh / a/Lsf] cj}w ;DaGw b]v] klg Tof] gePsf] s'/f kfl/hftn] cleJoQm u/]sf] uf}td atfpF5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] lz/Lifsf] km"n sf] dfgsnfO{ pgsf kl5Nnf s[ltx¿n] gfWg ;s]g .

       cfkm"n] kfl/hftnfO{ cfbz{ n]vssf] ¿kdf dfg]sf], kl5 pgsf] kmf]g cfpg 5f8]sf] sf/0f a'‰bf cfkm"n] km]l/Psf] gDa/ lbg e'n]sf] k|;+u pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

$=@=!=@) df]bgfy k|l>t

       df]bgfy k|l>tn] b[li6 -@)%)_ df pgn] lz/Lifsf] km"n x}g, nfnLu'F/f; / nfn'kfg] ?rfOg n]vdf kfl/hft;DaGwL ;+:d/0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

       jf;' zzL lat]sf] s]xL lbgdf kfl/hftnfO{ u'dfpg' kbf{ cfkm"nfO{ rf]6 nfu]sf] / b'j} hgfsf] lgwgdf ;a} If]qsf ljrf/s, n]vsn] b'Mv dgfp u/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftn] k"FhLjfbsf] e08fkmf]/ ug{'sf ;fy} >dhLjL ju{sf] nflu n]lvg\ .[20]

       lz/Lifsf] km"n sf] dlxdfufg k"FhLjfbLx¿n] u/] klg kfl/hftn] nfnLu'F/f; / nfn'kft] dg k/fPsf] k|l>tsf] lgZsif{ 5 .

$=@=!=@! o'j/fh n'O6]n

       o'j/fh n'O6]nn] hgd~r -@)%)_ df ;sda/L 5g\M ;sda/L 5}gg\ n]vdf kfl/hftsf] ;+:d/0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       cefj, ck|flKt, ct[lKt, PsfsL, ckflxh / s'07fsf] ;du| h~hfnaf6 dfgj–cl:tTjsf] vf]hL ug]{ kfl/hftsf] hLjg ;dfKt ePsf] pgn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . d'gf / ;'lDgdfsf] rfl/lqs hLjGttf sfod /fVg] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] clGtd s8L ;sda/Lsf] l;h{gf u/]/ clNkPsf] n'O6]n atfpF5g\ .

       dfgj d'lQm, k|ult / cl:dtfsf] vf]hLdf cfˆgf] ckflxh z/L/nfO{ slxNo} afws g7fGg] kfl/hft …cgful/sÚ eP/ laltg\ .[21]

       ;|i6f ;sda/L uP klg slNkt ;sda/L sfnhoL ePsf] n'OF6]nsf] cledt 5 .

$=@=!=@@ z}n]Gb| ;fsf/

       z}n]Gb| ;fsf/n] sflGtk'/ sf];]nL -@)%)_ df kfl/hft / jf;' zzL M ;flxTo hutsf b'O{ lzv/ n]vdf b'j} ;|i6fsf] ;Demgf u/]sf 5g\ .

     पुतलीसडकको सडक देखिने घरमा पारिजातसँग भेट हुने गरेको, युवा लेखकका लागि त्यो घर प्रेरणाको श्रोत भएको बताएका छन् । त्यहाँ भेला भएर आफ्नो रचना सुनाउने गरेता पनि पछि आफू राल्फामा संलग्न नभएको भए तापनि सम्बन्ध भने पूर्ववत राम्रो भएको नजाएका छन् ।

             kfl/hftnfO{ ;DemFbf hlxn] klg b[9 OR5fzlQm ePsL, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pkGof; ljwfnfO{ ljZj:t/df k'¥ofpg] Pp6L cd/ lje"ltnfO{ ;Demg k'U5f}+ . Pp6L sf]dn, ;/n / cg'e"lthGo zAbx¿sf] :jt:km"t{ laDanfO{ ;DemG5f}+ .[22]

       kfl/hft z"Gojfbaf6 hgjfbL / qmflGtsf/L ljrf/sL ;+jfxs x'g'eof] eg] jf;' zzL ;'?b]lv g} ax'bnLo k|hftGqdf cf:yf /fVg] ;'s'df/ / ;ª\3if{zLn slj x'g'eof] .

       b'j} k|ltefnfO{ u'dfpg' kbf{ g]kfnL ;flxTo 6'x'/f] ePsf] ;fsf/sf] lgZsif{ 5 .

$=@=!=@# ;'zLn ;fksf]6f

       ;'zLn ;fksf]6fn] o'u;Djfb -@)%)_ df kfl/hft, kf;fª / kfv08 n]vdf kfl/hft g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pTs[i6 gfd ePsf] / ;Dk"0f{ gf/L ;flxTosf/dWo] ;j{>]i7 ePsf] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] Vofn gug'{ / kf;fªsf] pk]Iff ug]{ k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] >4f~hnL JoQm ug{ hfg' kfv08 dfq xf] .[23]

$=@=!=@$ Clif/fh a/fn

       Clif/fh a/fnn] hgfb]z -@)%)_ df qmflGtr]t, ljb|f]x, ljjfb / kfl/hft n]vdf kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf] d"n k|j[lQ lg¿k0f ug'{sf ;fy} pgsf af/]df b]lvPsf ljleGg lrGtgx¿sf] lr/kmf/;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .

       lhpFbf] 5Fbf ckdflgt ug]{, ts{g]x¿ klg uf]xLsf] cfF;' r'xfpg] u/]sf 5g\. hlt pgLx¿nfO{ lz/Lifsf] km"n Kof/f] 5, Tolt xfdLnfO{ kvf{nleq / aflx/ / clgbf] kxf8;Fu} sL kfl/hftnfO{ >4f ug]{ clwsf/ /x]sf] a/fn bfjf u5{g\ .

       ljb|f]xfTdstf pgsf] s]Gb|Lo k|j[lQ xf] . kfl/hftnfO{ ljb|f]xn] kfl/hft agfof] eg] kfl/hft eGg] gfd ljb|f]xsf] kofo{ aGg k'Uof] .[24]

       lz/Lifsf] km"n sf] k"gd"{Nofª\sgsf] dfu / d[To'kl5 n]lggsf] t:jL/ lz/df /flvlbg' eGgfn] ljjfb hGdfPsf] a/fnsf] ts{ 5 .

       lj=;+= #)–$) sf] o'u kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL n]vgsf] o'u ePsf] / kl5Nnf] sfndf lrGtgdf ljrng cfP klg kfl/hftsf] cl:tTj chª\usf] cl:tTj ePsf] a/fnsf] lgZsif{ 5 .

       To;/L g} Clif/fh a/fnn] au/ -@)%@_ df k|ultjfb / kfl/hftsf] cf}kGofl;stf gfds ;dfnf]rgfTds n]vdf kfl/hftsf] pkGof;sfl/tf / To;df cleJoQm k|ultjfbL lrGtgsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf  5g\ .

       k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf/sf] ¿kdf kfl/hftsf wf/0ffx¿ @)#) ;fnb]lv b]vf kg{ yfn]sf x'g\ . o;} a]nfb]lv pgsf nflu ;flxTo JolQmut s'07f, cfj]u, lg:;f/tf, z"Gotfaf]w / cfqmf]zsf] dfWod geP/ ;ª\3if{sf] dfWod aGg k'u]sf] xf] . ;flxTonfO{ ju{ ;ª\3if{ / hgd'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] xltof/ 7fGg] k|j[lQ kfl/hftdf o;} a]nfb]lv cf/De x'g yfn]sf] xf] .

       ljrf/ kIf k|wfg /xFbf–/xFb} klg snfTdstfsf] cefjdf /rgfdf oflGqstf / gf/fjfb hGdG5 eGg] wf/0ff kfl/hftsf] /x]sf] 5 . pkGof;;DaGwL kfl/hftsf d"No / dfGotfx¿ klg o;} d"Noåf/f lgb]{lzt 5g\ .

       kl5Nnf] r/0fdf kfl/hftdf b]vf k/]sf] /fhgLltk|ltsf] ljt[i0ff / o;n] l;h{gf u/]sf] cGt/lj/f]wfTds l:yltnfO{ 5fl8lbg] xf] eg] pgsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqfdf cl:tTjjfbL, /fNkmfnL / k|ultjfbL # j6f df]8x¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . lz/Lifsf] km"n n] kfl/hftnfO{ pkGof;sf/ dfq geO{ a]hf]8 cl:tTjjfbL pkGof;sf/sf] ¿kdf lrgfof], /fNkmfnL c/fhstfjfbL lrGtgsf] pkh a}+;sf] dfG5] xf] eg] p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f]n] k|ultjfbL lrGtgnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]sf] a/fnsf] bfjf 5 .

       gofF–gofF ljifoj:t' vf]Hg], cfˆgf] n]vgdf lghTj k|bfg ug]{ kfl/hftsf] k|j[lQ k|ultjfbL pkGof; n]vgdf klg b]vf k/]sf] 5 . pgLeGbf cl3 ls;fg kfqn] pkGof;df k|d'v :yfg kfP klg pgn] dhb'/x¿sf] >d r]tgf yk]/ k|ultjfbL pkGof;nfO{ gofF ljifoj:t'  lbOg\ . g]kfnL pkGof;df dhb'/x¿sf] ;ª\ul7t zlQm, r]tgf / /fhgLltl;tsf] pgLx¿sf] ;DaGwsf] :yfkgf klxnf]rf]6L kfl/hftn] ul/g\ .

       ;dfhdf ljBdfg cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts 3ft–k|lt3ftsf] pb\af]wg kfl/hftsf] cfudgcl3 g} pkGof;df ePsf] xf] . k/Gt' kfl/hftn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;fDojfbL /fhgLltsf] cl:tTj / cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ pkGof;df dxŒjk"0f{ :j/ k|bfg ul/g\ . kvf{nleq / aflx/ df klxnf]kN6 b'O{y/L kfqx¿ dfkm{t g]kfnsf] ;fDojfbL cfGbf]ngsf] wf/nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ qmflGtsf/L wf/nfO{ :yflkt ug]{ k|of; kfl/hftn] u/]sL 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] n]vgdf /fhgLlts kIf a9L xfjL ePsf] kfOG5 . snfsf}zn kIfdf eGbf k|ultjfbL pkGof;sf/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g] x'6x'6L kfl/hftdf a9L b]vfkb{5 . sltko k|;ª\udf af]gL / kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ n] kfl/hftsf] k|lta4tfdf g}/fZo lrGx nufPsf 5g\ . kfl/hftl;t efiff, z}nL / ;Lk lyof] t/ oyfy{jfbL /rgfk4lt, hghLjgsf] cg'ej pgLl;t lyPg . jf:tjdf cfˆgf] cflh{t z}nLnfO{ gofF oyfy{l;t ldnfP/ nfg vf]Hg] x'6x'6L t kfl/hftdf kfOG5 t/ of] kIfdf kfl/hftnfO{ ;kmntf ldn]sf] 5}g . ljrf/k|lt ;hu /xFbf snfTds kIf sdhf]/ b]lvg' / snfTdstfk|lt ;hu /xFbf j}rfl/s kIf sdhf]/ b]lvg' kfl/hftsf] cf}kGofl;stfsf] u'0f;'rs l:ylt ePsf] a/fnsf] cledt /x]sf] 5 .

       p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] df kfl/hftsf] k|ltef xf]Og, k|ltef dfq emlNsPsf] 5 . kfl/hftsf] clgbf] kxf8;Fu} j}rfl/s b[li6n] ;d;fdlos oyfy{nfO{ pRrtd ¿kdf k|:t't ug]{ cfsf+Iff / pT;fx xf] eg] k|ultjfbL pkGof;sf] ¿kdf kfl/hftnfO{ bL3{hLjg lbg] pkGof;rfFlx kvf{nleq / aflx/ xf] . pgsf b'j} pkGof;x¿ ljrf/ / snfTdstf b'j} b[li6n] lgvf/sf] pbfx/0f xf] .

       kfl/hftsf] ;d[4 efiff–z}nL, sNkgf Ifdtf / ;d[4 cleJolQm snfsf] ;kmn lg¿k0f pgsf kl5Nnf pkGof;x¿df 5}gg\ . kfl/hftnfO{ kvf{nleq / aflx/ jf clgbf] kxf8;Fu} df dfq x]l/b}Fg . pgnfO{ lz/Lifsf] km"n;d]t cufl8 /fv]/ x]l/G5 . lz/Lifsf] km"n sf] chª\usf] :j¿knfO{ pgsf kl5Nnf pkGof;n] st} gfWg ;s]sf t x}gg\ < jf:tjdf 8/nfUbf] ljrf/, 8/nfUbf] ¿k / snfTdstf h;/L lz/Lifsf] km"n df k|:t't ePsf] 5, To;} u/L kl5Nnf pkGof;x¿df k|:t't x'g ;s]sf] tYo a/fn cl3 ;f5{g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL cf}kGofl;stfsf] k|flKt / d"No kvf{nleq / aflx/ g} xf] . lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;ª\3if{ ub}{ cl3 a9]sf] JolQmTjsf] cfnf]sdf kfl/hftsf] cf}kGofl;stfsf] n]vfhf]vf x'g' h?/L ePsf] pgsf] ts{ 5 .

$=@=!=@% xl/uf]ljGb n'O“6]n

       xl/uf]ljGb n'OF6]nn] gjo'jf -@)%#_ df s;/L Pp6L ljb|f]xL lszf]/L ljVoft kfl/hft algg\ < zLif{s n]vdf kfl/hftsf] hLjgj[t Pjd\ pgsf] ;ª\3if{zLn hLjgsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       pxfFsf] hLjgnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ pxfFsf] b[9tf¿kL k|d'v u'0f kl5;Dd /x]sf] kfOG5 . /fNkmf cleofgsf] gfosTj g} ug]{ sfd ubf{ kl5 k|ultzLn ;flxTo / hgcfGbf]ngdf cu'jf eP/ xf]ldFbf klg pxfFdf oxL u'0f 5n{Ë;Fu b]lvGYof] .

       ljb|f]xL :jefj ePsL kfl/hft ;dfhsf] ultzLntfsf] kIfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . cfˆgf] ;flxTodf u/La, b'MvLx¿, x]lkPsf, lylrPsfx¿sf] b'Mv bb{, ;ª\3if{ / cfGbf]ngsf x'ax' lrq ptfg]{ sfd pxfFn] Hofbf ug'{ePsf] 5 .[25]

       kfl/hft ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;flxlTos Pjd\ u}/ ;flxlTos kqklqsfdf pgsf] n]vg Pjd\ hLjg ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljåfgx¿n] snd rnfPsf] kfOG5 . To;dWo] uf]kLGb| kf}8]nsf] gf6sf] rf}yf] r/0f syfsf] ljZn]if0f, OGb|s'df/ >]i7 ;l/t\ sf] cf}kGofl;s s[ltx¿df kfl/hftM Ps ljxª\ufjnf]sg, v'dnfn kf}8]nsf] a}+;fn' jt{dfg M Ps l6kf]6, vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfsf] kfl/hft lbbL;Fu s]xL If0f, /fdk|;fb 1jfnLsf] kfl/hftsf] l;h{gsfl/tfsf] cWoog, ;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f tyf d"Nofª\sg, s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]sf] kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tf / ;8s / k|ltef syfsf] ljZn]if0f, adaxfb'/ yfkf lhtfnL sf] pkGof;sf/ kfl/hft / pgsf] lz/Lifsf] km"n, afnfs[i0f clwsf/Lsf] kfl/hftsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTj, w|'jrGb| uf}tdsf] kfl/hft, lz/Lifsf] km"n / klxnf] P06L lx/f] / Clif/fh a/fnsf] qmflGtr]t, ljb|f]x, ljjfb / kfl/hft n]v dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . o; afx]s 3gZofd 9sfn, hª\ua rf}xfg, gf/fo0fk|;fb clwsf/L, d~h'n, gogf k|wfg, kjg cfnf]s, O{Zj/L clwsf/L, s]bf/ e§/fo{, df]bgfy k|l>t, o'j/fh n'OF6]n, ;'zLn ;fksf]6f / xl/uf]ljGb n'OF6]nn] kfl/hft;DaGwL cfˆgf wf/0ff, ;Demgfsf ;fy} pgsf] n]vgsf] af/]df ;fdfGo rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       o; cjlwsf kqklqsfdf ;dLIff, ;dfnf]rgfeGbf cfˆgf wf/0ff Pjd\ ;Demgf k|:t't ug]{ sfo{ a9L ePsf] kfOG5 .

$=@=@ kfl/hft :d[lt cª\s

       kfl/hftsf] d[To'kZrft pgsf af/]df hgdt ;flxlTos dfl;s -jif{ !), cª\s #–^, k"0ff{Í ^*–&!, @)%)_ / 1fgu'gsf s'/f -@)%), :d[lt cª\s !_ n] :d[lt cª\s k|sflzt u/]sf kfOG5 . k|:t't :d[lt cª\sx¿ kfl/hftsf] af/]df dxŒjk"0f{ ;"rgf Pjd\ ;fdu|L x'g\ .

$=@=@=! hgdt -kfl/hft :d[lt cª\s @)%)_

       kfl/hft hLljt 5Fb} kfl/hft ljz]iffª\s k|sflzt u/fPsf] hgdt n] pgsf] d[To'kl5 kfl/hft :d[lt cª\s k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . k"0ff{Í ^*–&! df k|sflzt o; cª\sdf kfl/hft;DaGwL n]v÷lgaGw÷;+:d/0f Pjd\ sljtf k|sflzt u/]sf] kfOG5 .

$=@=@=!=! sljtf

       o; :d[lt cª\s ljleGg ;|i6fx¿n] kfl/hftsf] hLjg / n]vgnfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} ljleGg sljtf l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ . oLdWo] /3'/fd Gof}kfg], zfb{'n e§/fO{, u'F/f; >]i7, /d]zk|;fb ;fu/sf …kfl/hftÚ zLif{sdf sljtf / k|df]b :g]xLsf] …zAbx¿sf] of]4f Û kfl/hftÚ / uf]kfn lgle{s …aGw'Ú sf] …>4f~hnLÚ zLif{ssf] sljtf k|d'v sljtf x'g\ .

$=@=@=!=@ n]v÷lgaGw÷;+:d/0f

       df]bgfy k|l>tn] si6do hLjg / l;h{gsf] lzv/M kfl/hft zLif{s n]vdf ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf ljleGg If]qdf lqmofzLn /x]sL kfl/hftn] zfl//Ls ¿kn] czQm x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ljleGg If]qdf IfdtfeGbf a9L g} sfd u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

       pgnfO{ hLjgsf] s7f]/ / lj;ª\ut l:yltn] s]xL x7L / ?vf] :jefjsf] agfPsf] lyof] . ToxL x7n] ljrf/ / :jfledfgsf] If]qdf pgnfO{ s]xL cf8 klg l8of] / Jojxf/df st}–st} To;n] pgnfO{ gf]S;fg klg k'¥ofof] .[26]

       cz]if dNnn] kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos d"Nofª\sg zLif{s n]vdf lz/Lifsf] km"n w]/} rlr{t x'g'df kfl/hftsf] snfTds n]vg dfq geP/ gf/L cl:tTj, gf/L dgf]ljZn]if0f / gf/L rl/qsf] oyfy{ lrq0f x'g' xf] eg]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf s[ltx¿nfO{ :jR5Gb n]vg / k|ultzLn n]vg u/]/ b'O{ efudf afF8\g ;lsg] / k|f/Desf pkGof;df snfTds d"No kfOPtf klg kl5Nnf pkGof;x¿ lglZrt /fhg}lts l;4fGtsf] ;Ldfleq ePsf] pgsf] ts{ 5 .

       /fogn] ;Demgfsf] bxleq aN5L xfNbf zLif{ssf] n]vdf @)!( ;fndf /]l8of] g]kfndf clvn g]kfn /fli6«o nf]suLt ;Dd]ngdf efu lnP/ c;kmn eP tfklg k|z+;f kfPsf] k|;+u pNn]v ub{{} cfkm"x¿sf] ufogaf6 kfl/hft k|efljt eP/ e]6\g rfx]sf] / ;fyL 1fg pbf; dfkm{t\ g]zgn sn]h -xfnsf] z+s/b]j sn]h_ df kfl/hft;Fu e]6 ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

    रेडियो नेपालका कर्मचारीहरूले कलाकारहरूको पारिश्रमिक खाइदिएपछि मुद्दा हाल्दा धम्की आएको र रेडियो नेपाल जान छोडेको रायन बताउँछन् । रेडियोबाट छुटेपछि राल्फा समूह हुँदै माक्र्सवाद प्रतिबद्ध हुँदा भएका सहयात्राका स्मरण गर्दै पारिजातसँग सँधैका लागि छुट्टिनु पर्दा अत्यन्त दुःख लागेको भाव व्यक्त गरेका छन् ।

      df]xgljqmd l;+xn] kfl/hft / kf;fª b'O{ cfbz{ /fli6«o JolQmTj zLif{s n]vdf kfl/hftdf dfS;{jfbL–n]lngjfbL lrGtgdf hlt :ki6tf cfpg' kb{Yof], Tof] cfpg g;s]sf] pNn]v ub}{ ljZjJofkL / g]kfndf klg sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf / ;flxTo tyf ;+:s[ltdf xfjL /x]sf] cj;/jfbL lrGtgaf6 cfkm"nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] d'Qm u/]/ cfˆgf /rgfnfO{ k'/f qmflGtsf/L lbzf / ¿k lbg g;s]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       ;/sf/L bjfa / ckdfgk"0f{ Jojxf/sf lj?4 pgn] b]vfPsf] b[9tf / k|lt/f]wn] pgsf] pRr dfgj clwsf/ / cl:tTjnfO{ atfpg] / pgsf] of] pHHjn / pRr kIfn] pgnfO{ kfl/hft;dIf v8f u/]sf] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ .

       /d]z ljsnn] d}n] lrg]sL kfl/hft df k|f/Dedf clt e8sk"0f{, agfj6L >[ª\uf/ b]v]/ ag]sf] pgLk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f sljtf ;'g]kl5 ablnPsf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .

       cfkm" k|ultzLn n]vs ;+3sf] s]Gb|Lo cWoIf ePkl5 pgL;Fu k6s–k6s e]6 ePsf] / klxn]eGbf pgdf w]/} km/skgf dxz''; u/]sf] pNn]v ub}{ cfTdljZjf;L, h'emf?, xl7nL / ;Demf}tf gug]{ cfu|xLsf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

nlnhg /fjnn] Pp6f vfdM h;df 5 kfl/hftsf] gfd zLif{sf] n]vdf x/]s uf]jw{g k"hfsf lbg kfl/hft lbbL;Fu a:g] rng ePsf] ;+:d/0f ub}{ @)$( ;fnsf] uf]jw{g k"hf clGtd ePsf] / x/]s uf]jw{g k"hfdf pxfFsf] ofb cfpg] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . 3f]if0ff eO;s]sf] ;j{>]i7 kf08'lnkL k'/:sf/sf] kq lbg hfg'eGbf klxn] g} pxfFsf] d[To' ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

xl/uf]ljGb n'OF6]nn] kfl/hftsf] clGtd OR5fx¿af/] km}nfOPsf e|dx¿ zLif{s n]vdf kfl/hftsf] clGtd OR5fnfO{ g/fd|f] dfGg] / n]v n]Vg]x¿n] kfl/hftsf] kl5Nnf] ljrf/nfO{ a'‰g g;s]sf] / lz/Lifsf] km"n n]Vbftfsf lgs6 /x]sfx¿n] PskIfLo :d[lt / d"Nofª\sgx¿ k]z u/]/ pgLk|lt cGofo u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bLn] dxfg n]lvsfnfO{ xflb{s >4f~hnL n]vdf ;dfhsf] zf]if0f, pTkL8g / cGofosf] lj?4df kfl/hftn] zAb–o'4 rnfpbf k"FhLjfbL n]vsx¿sf b[li6df sDo'lgi6 / sDo'lgi6 l;4fGtnfO{ ;flxTodf k|j]z glbFbf dfS;{jfbL ljrf/sf ;flxTosf/x¿af6 k|tfl8t ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

>LdtL k]ghL{gn] lbbL kfl/hftsf] ;Demgfdf s]xL zAbx¿ zLif{s n]vdf kfl/hft /fi6«s} lgwL, OHht dfq geP/ ljb]zsf nflu klg Oltxf; ePsf] atfPsL 5g\ . k|ltlqmofjfbL /fHo;Qfsf lxdfotLx¿nfO{ kfl/hftnfO{ cfˆgf] eGg] clwsf/ geP klg kfl/hftnfO{ s'g} ;Ldfleq afFWg grfx]sf] pNn]v u/]sL 5g\ . ;fdGtjfbL, k"FhLjfbL / cw{ k"FhLjfbL d'n'sx¿df k|ultzLn ;flxTosf/n] ef]Ug'kg]{ kL8f / cK7\of/f] o; b]zsf ;QflnK;fsf ef]sfx¿n] s'g} jf:tf gu/]sf]df cfqmf]z JoQm u/]sL 5g\ .

gf/fo0f 9sfnn] ca kfl/hftl;t xfd|f] e]6 x'Fb}g zLif{s n]vdf lz/Lifsf] km"n hlt kfl/hftsf] cGo s[lt rlr{t gePsf] / To;f] x'g'df o; s[ltdf kfl/hftn] cfkm"nfO{ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s k|:t't u/] klg kl5Nnf]df ;f] s'/f gePsf]n] tL s[lt Tolt rlr{t gePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

cfkm"nfO{ dfS;{jfbL kfl/hfteGbf …km]ldlgi6Ú kfl/hft a9L dg kg]{ 9sfn JoQm ub{5g\ .

s'Gbg cof{nn] ;ª\3if{sf] csf]{ gfd zLif{s n]vdf cl:tTjjfb, lj;Ëltjfb jf z"Gojfb x'Fb} dfS;{jfb;Dd k'Ubf kfl/hftn] cfkm"leq 7"n} ;ª\3if{ ug'{k/]sf] pNn]v ub}{ c/fhstfjfbL /fNkmf ;d"xsL ;lqmo ;b:oaf6 sDo'lgi6df ¿kfGtl/t x'g pxfFn] cfkm} lj?4 h'‰g' k/]sf]tkm{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ .

lgg' rfkfufO{n] kfl/hftdf sdhf]/Lx¿ 5g\ =========== t/ gu0o 5g\ zLif{s n]vdf @)$# kl5 kfl/hftdf s]xL ljrng cfP tfklg kfl/hft g]kfnL ;flxTosf/sf] cu|0fL ;flxTosf/ / d"w{Go ;flxTosf/ ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . s]xL sdLsdhf]/L eP tfklg b]gsf] t'ngfdf tL gu0o ePsf] pgsf] bfjf 5 .

s[i0f ;]gn] kfl/hftM e]6 Ps k|;+u cg]s zLif{s n]vdf uDeL/ la/fdL eP kl5 ;a}n] cGtjf{tf{ dfu]sf]df hLljt 5Fbf pk]Iff / d/]kl5 k"hf ug]{ 9f]FuL ;dfh / To;sf] ljs[t k/Dk/fk|lt kfl/hftn] s7f]/ Pjd\ dfld{s Joª\Uo u/]sf] k|;ªu pNn]v ub}{ kfl/hftn] of}jgfj:yfdf afy h:tf] b';fB /f]usf] lzsf/ x'g' / bf];|f] 36gf kfl/hftsf] j}rfl/s dfGotfdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ .

/3' kGtn] la/fgf] ofqfdf lxFl8g\ kfl/hft zLif{s n]vdf kfl/hftnfO{ agfpgdf s'g} k'?ifsf] e"ldsf gePsf] / o; cy{df pgL k|yd dlxnf / :jlgld{t JolQmTj ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3df /xFbf kfl/hft;Fu s6' ;DaGw x'g k'u] klg kl5 ;DaGw ;'w|]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

df]xg b'jfnn] kfl/hft M kfl/hft M kfl/hft zLif{s n]vdf ;flxTo l;h{gfsf] ;fy} ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfdf ;+nUgtf b]vfPsL kfl/hftn] dfgj clwsf/, dlxnf d'lQm, k|ultzLn n]vg / aGbL ;xfotfsf] bf}/fgdf pxfFsf] ;lqmotf pNn]vgLo /x]sf] hgfPsf 5g\ .

8L=cf/= kf]v/]nn] kfl/hftnfO{ s;/L ;Ddfg ug]{ < zLif{s n]vdf kfl/hftn] lz/Lifsf] km"n Roflt lbP x'G5 eGg' pgdf kl5Nnf] ;dodf ju{ bz{gsf] dxŒj / ju{ ;ª\3if{sf] cfjZostfaf]w eP/ ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

kfl/hftnfO{ lz/Lifsf] km"n leq dfq vf]Hg' pgsf] jf:tljs 5ljnfO{ wldNofpg' / pxfFnfO{ ckdfg ug'{ xf] eGg] ts{ kf]v/]nn] cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . zf]lift kLl8t ju{k|ltsf] k|lta4tf / j}rfl/s b[9tfaf6 klxn] pxfFn] k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf/sf] ¿kdf JolQmTj lgdf{0f u/]sf] / To;}df pxfFsf] /fli6«o JolQmTj em'lNsPsf] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ .

kfl/hftnfO{ d"Nofª\sg ubf{ klxn] lglj{jfb /fli6«o JolQmTj agfP/ j}rfl/s k|lta4tfsf] cfwf/df c+z lng] geO{ Ps ju{ k|lta4 n]vssf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]/ /fli6«o JolQmTjsf] ¿kdf ;Ddflgt ug'{ pxfFsf] jf:tljs ;Ddfg ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

$=@=@=@ 1fgu'gsf s'/f -kfl/hft :d[lt cª\s_

       1fgu'gsf] s'/fn] efu @@ kfl/hft :d[lt cª\s efu– ! sf] ¿kdf k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . o;df !& hgf n]vsx¿sf kfl/hft;DaGwL n]vx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ .

       cfgGbb]j e§n] kfl/hft cfsfz x'g\ Û zLif{s n]vdf kfl/hftdf g]t[TjbfoL zlQm c;fwf/0f /x]sf] / ljleGg If]qdf pgsf] s'zntf b]lvPsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       afb]kfn] kfl/hftM s]xL gd]l6Psf 8f]ax¿ df g]kfn g]zgn sn]hdf kfl/hft;Fu k9] klg vf;} lrghfg gePsf], lz/Lifsf] km"nsf] efiff cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] / a}+;sf] dfG5] ;]G;/af6 kf; u/fpg cfkm"n] kxn u/]sf] 36gf :d/0f u/]sf 5g\ .

       w|'jrGb| uf}tdn] kfl/hft :d[ltsf /]vfx¿ df @)!(–@)@) ;fnlt/ k'tnL;8sdf kfl/hftnfO{ pgs} sf]7fdf e]6]sf] / kl5 klg pgLaf6 k|efljt /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       c¿0ff pk|]tLn] kfl/hftM s]xL ;+:d/0f df @)$$ ;fndf klxnf] k6s e]6 ePsf] k|;+u cl3 ;fb}{ pgL;Fu cfˆgf] lgs6tf /x]sf] 36gf :d/0f u/]sL 5g\ .

       vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfn] lz/Lifsf] km"n / kfl/hft zLif{s n]vdf cfkm" cfO=P= df k9\bf lz/Lifsf] km"n sf] af/]df yfxf kfPsf] / kl5 ;f] s[lt ;DaGwdf n]lvPsf n]vx¿ k9] kl5 ;flxTo j}rfl/s ;ª\3if{sf] dfWod ePsf] cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       s'Gb 608gn] kfl/hftn] cfˆgf] af6'nf] cg'xf/ b]v]/ pkGof;sf] kfq af6'nL /fv]sf] / cfkm"nfO{ atfPsf] k|;ª\u cl3 ;fb}{ afnaflnsf Pjd\ aGbLsf kIfdf pxfFn] u/]sf sfo{x¿ :d/0fLo x'g] atfPsf 5g\ .

$=@=# kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy

       kfl/hftsf] of]ubfgnfO{ lr/:yfoL agfpg] / hg;d"bfosfaLrdf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] kfl/hft :d[lt s]Gb|n] kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy -@)%)_ k|sfzgdf NofPsf] 5 . o; u|Gydf d"Nofª\sg v08, ;+:d/0f v08, Oltxf;sf] kfgfaf6, cª\u|]hL v08, >4f~hnL v08, kfl/hftaf/] ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfx¿, kfl/hftsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg JolQmx¿, 5foflrqdf kfl/hft k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . o;dWo] d"Nofª\sg v08 / ;+:d/0f v08 dxŒjk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx¿ x'g\ . o; u|Gydf k|sflzt /rgfx¿ sltko n]vsx¿n] cfˆgf s[ltdf k|sflzt u/]sf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf] cWoogsf ;Gbe{df s[ltdf k|sflzt ePsf / klxn] pNn]v eO;s] afx]ssf ;fdu|Lx¿ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

$=@=#=! d"Nofª\sg v08

       t'n;L e§f/fO{n] kfl/hft M gf/L cl:dtf / b[li6sf]0f n]vdf w]/}h;f] n]vssf pkGof;–syfdf k'?ifn] ef]u]/ cnkq kfl/Psf :jf:gL dfG5]x¿sf] kL8f, bb{, ljjz, aFrfO jf d[To' j0f{g kfOPsf]df To;sf] 7Ls pN6f] kfl/hftn] k'?ifsf] cj:yf lrq0f u/]/ gf/L dxQf l:jsf/]sf] l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf :jf:gLdfG5]–kfqfx¿, c¿ ;flxTosf/sf s[ltdf h:tf] cf8Da/, cl:tTjxLg / ;fdflhs, kfl/jfl/s cTofrf/, cGofo / zf]if0faLr afFRg ljjz gePsf], s]xL kfqx¿sf] ljjztf b]vfOP klg clwsf+z cfˆg} :jtGq cl:tTj lnP/ ;ª\3if{;fy afFRgsf nflu k|of;/t /x]sf] e§/fO{ atfpF5g\ .

       hubLzrGb| e08f/Ln] kfl/hft M cfˆg} cfTdsyfdf zLif{sf] n]vdf kfl/hftsf cfTdsyfdf cf:yfut åGå / cGtMhut\sfaLr ;ª\3if{ /x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ 3ftx¿af6 l5of–l5of k/]sf] pgsf] cGthL{jg / afXohLjg Hofb} g} ;xh / :jefljs ¿kdf k|ltlalDat ePsf] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ .

       d'/f/L cof{nn] ;dfh j}1flgs ljZn]if0fdf kfl/hftsf pkGof;x¿ zLif{s n]vdf kfl/hftnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] clåtLo pkGof;sf/ eg]sf 5g\ . ;dsfnLg g]kfnL pkGof;sf/x¿df kfl/hftsf] ;d:t/df pleg ;Sg] c¿ pkGof;sf/ sf]xL gePsf] / g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs k[i7e"ldsf] cfwf/df pleP/ 5f]6f] Sofgef;df a[xt\ kl/j]znfO{ pb\3f6g ug{ ;Sg' pkGof;sf/ kfl/hftsf] ljz]iftf ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       xf]d ;'j]bLn] lz/Lifsf] km"n k|sfzg cj:yfsf kfl/hftsf s]xL wf/0ffx¿ df JolQmut hLjg / ;flxTo ;DaGwdf kfl/hftn] cGtjf{tf{df JoQm u/]sf lrGtgx¿ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . dfS;{jfbL wf/0ffkl5 a9L em'sfj eP klg ;'?b]lv g} pgL Tof] wf/0ff;Fu lgs6 /x]sf] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ . lgDgju{sf hLjgsf] pTyfg ug]{ ;Defjgf cfbz{jfbdf eGbf dfS;{jfbdf a9L ePsf] pgnfO{ ljZjf; ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       xL/fdl0f zdf{n] kfl/hftsf pkGof;–ofqfsf] yk pknAwL clgbf] kxf8;Fu} df kfl/hftsf c¿ k|ultzLn pkGof;x¿sf t'ngfdf clgbf] kxf8;Fu} j}rfl/s ;r]ttf / oyfy{jfbL lrq0fk4ltsf b[li6n] ;jf]{Ts[i6 /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts Oltxf;df @)#%–#^ ;fnsf] /fi6«JofkL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng / /fli6«o hgdt;ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ff Pp6f clj:d/0fLo 36gf xf] / o;} P]ltxfl;s 36gfsf] ;]/f]km]/f]leq kg]{ ;fdflhs /fhg}lts kof{j/0f / k[i7e"ld k|:t't pkGof;df cª\lst ePsf] zdf{sf] bfjf 5 .

       /fh]Gb|k|;fb clwsf/Ln] cfwL cfsfzleqsL kfl/hft zLif{s n]vdf dlxnfsf ;d:of / d"lQmsf] k|ZgnfO{ kfl/hftn] juL{o ¿kdf x]g'{ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . jf:tljs dlxnf d'lQm eg]sf] ;fdGtjfbL Pjd\ k"FhLjfbL ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] lj?4 ;Dk"0f{ zf]lift kLl8t hgtfn] ;+ul7t ¿kdf ug]{ ju{;ª\3if{åf/f :yflkt x'g] gofF /fHo Joj:yfsf] :yfkgfkl5 dfq ;+ej x'G5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f pxfFdf /x]sf] kfOg] clwsf/Lsf] bfjf 5 .

       /fh]Gb| ;'j]bLn] kfl/hftsf] ablnFbf] lrGtg k|0ffnLsf] k|f/lDes r/0fM tf]/Laf/L, af6f / ;kgfx¿ zLif{ssf] n]vdf o; k"j{sf pkGof;sf kfqx¿ k"0f{tM cGtd'{vL eP klg o; pkGof;df eg] ltg} kfqx¿ alxd'{vL ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . dfG5]nfO{ wgL jf ul/a ju{ ljifdtfn] agfPsf] tYo o; pkGof;df cfPsf] ;'j]bLsf] ts{ 5 . k|ultjfbL pkGof;;Dd cfOk'Ug cfwf/ o; pkGof;n] v8f u/]sf] pgL atfpF5g\ .

       cfgGbb]j e§n] a}+;fn' jt{dfgM kfl/hftsf] sfJofTds hjfkm zLif{s n]vdf cln c:ki6 sljtf afx]s cGo sljtf ;'Gb/ ljrf/ jf k|of]u jf laDasf lgldQ pbfx/0fsf lgldQ lgsfNg ;lsg] atfPsf 5g\ . ;zQm / ;'Gb/ ljrf/n] 3gLe"t ePsf sljtfx¿ dgdf l6Kg ;lsg] pgsf] ts{ 5 .

       ;du|df eGbf a}+;fn' jt{dfg leqsf clwsf+z sljtfx¿ ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ >dhLlj hgtfsf] ;ª\3if{zLn hLjgnfO{ r9fOPsf xflb{s >4f~hnL k'iku'R5f x'g\ / ltgsf] ;'jf; lbu\lbuGt;Dd km}ng] u/]sf] pgsf] bfjf 5 .

       z/b If]qLn] kfl/hft M kvf{nleq / aflx/ zLif{s n]vdf snf / ljrf/ kIfsf] ;Gt'ngsf] lgjf{x clgbf] kxf8;Fu} eGbf kvf{nleq / aflx/ df s'zntfk"j{s ul/Psf] / of] pkGof; a}+;sf] dfG5] eGbf klg ;an / ;kmn pkGof; ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       zfb"{n e§/fO{n] kfl/hftM o'jf n]vsx¿sL k|]/s JolQmTj df gLltut dte]bnfO{ lnP/ x'g] u/]sf ax; / jfbljjfbx¿df cfˆgf] c8fgdf g8udufpg] pxfFsf] :jefjnfO{ ljleGg JolQmn] ljleGg 9ª\un] a'em] klg o'jf n]vssf nflu pxfFsf] k|:t'lt ;Fw}el/ cToGt g/d, lzi6 / :g]xk"0f{ x'g] u/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       pQd kGtn] syff ;flxTodf kfl/hftsf] :yfg df pgsf] k|j]z;Fu} cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfn] qmdzM cl:tTjjfb / lj;ËltjfbnfO{ leœofPsf] rrf{ ub}{ cl:tTjjfb / lj;Ëltjfbsf] k|yd k|of]Qmfsf] ¿kdf pgsf] :yfg /x]sf] bfjf u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTodf csyfsf] yfngL kfl/hftaf6 ePsf] kGt atfpF5g\ .

       8L=cf/= kf]v/]nn] kfl/hftsf] p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] s:tf] af6f] xf] < df pkGof;sf] pHHjn kIf o;sf] cfzfjfbL k|j[lQ, n]vssf] ;Gt'ng / /f]rs z}nL ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . cGtj{:t'sf lx;fan] w]/} ulx/f s'/f k|s6 u/]sf] pkGof;n] wd{k|rf/sf] gfpFdf klZrdL ;fd|fHojfbn] ;fgf ul/a /fi6«sf gful/ssf] OHhtdfly v]njf8 ug]{ sfd u/]sf] s'/f OzfO{ d]zg/Lsf] rrf{ u/L b]vfpg' ePsf] l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ .

       pkGof;sf] kfq 1fgaxfb'/nfO{ xSsL, ;fx;L / l;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] b]vfP tfklg p;df nDkm"kg jf cfjf/fkg b]vfOPsf] 5, Tof] v6\lsg] kIf ePsf] kf]v/]n bfjf ub{5g\ .

       ?b| v/]nn] cfTdsyf, ;+:d/0f / km'6s/ lgaGwdf kfl/hft df kfl/hft Odfg ePsL ;flxTosf/ ePsf] / cfkm"k|lt cfqmfds cfnf]rs aGg' / cfˆgf] v/faL lj?4 lgd{d hLjg afFRg' sl7g ePsf] / ;f] sl7g af6f]df kfl/hft lxF8]sf] s'/f ;+:d/0fdf cfPsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       jf;'b]j lqkf7Ln] kfl/hftn] l;h]{sf] ;flxlTos lzv/–z[ª\vnfM Ps rrf{ df lz/Lifsf] km"n cf}kGofl;s snfsf s;Ldf ¿kgf/fo0f l;+xsf] e|d/ pkGof; kl5 g]kfnL efiffdf l;lh{g k'u]sf] snfTds pTs[i6 u'0f:t/sf] pkGof; ePsf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . kvf{nleq / aflx/ / p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof; cf}kGofl;s k|efjsfl/tf / snfTds l;l4sf b[li6n] clgbf] kxf8;Fu} eGbf sd /x]sf] lqkf7L atfpF5g\ .

       k|of]ujfbL / k|ultjfbL b'j} wf/f jf sfnv08df cnu–cnu j}rfl/s / snfTds kl/k]Iodf Ps cu|0fL / lzv/ ;|i6f /x]sf] / b'j} sfnv08sfaLr k|ltli7t aGg k'Ug' pgsf] c;dfGo ;flxlTos k|flKt ePsf] pgsf] d"Nofª\sg 5 .

$=@=#=@ ;+:d/0f v08

       sdn bLlIftn] cy / Olt zLif{s n]vdf @)!% ;fndf dbg d]df]l/on :s'ndf cª\u|]hL l6r/ lji0f's'df/L jfOaf;Fu e]6 ePsf], :s'nsf] k|ftM k|fy{gf pg}n] n]v]sf] :d/0f ub}{ kl5 dbg k'/:sf/ u|x0f ;df/f]xdf pgnfO{ b]v]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       ;+ho yfkfn] g cflb 5 g cGt g} df kfl/hft ;flxTosf/x¿aLr ;jf]{Ts[i6 ePsf] / pgnfO{ dlxnf ;flxTosf/sf] lx;fan] ;Ddfg ug'{ pgsf] ckdfg ug'{ xf] eg]sf 5g\ .

       df]bgfy k|l>tn] ‰ofnvfgf / kfl/hft df h]nsf lg/fzfdo cFWof/f sf]7fx¿df pHofnf] aQL aGg k'Ug] / pgn] cfˆgf] czQm z/L/ lgrf]/]/ lgsfn]sf] cd"No phf{n] xfd|f] ofqfnfO{ ultzLn kfg]{ ljZjf; /fv]sf 5g\ .

       /fd]zn] kfl/hft lbbL;Fusf tL lbgx¿ df kfl/hft cfkm"x¿sf] k|]/0ff ;|f]t ePsf] / pgL >dhLjL ju{sf] zlQm eP/ afFlr/xg] ljZjf; /fv]sf 5g\ .

       k"0f{ lj/fdn] d;Fusf] kfl/hft df cfˆgf syfx¿ j}rfl/s ¿kdf IftljIft x'Fbf snd yGSofP x'G5 eg]sf] t/ kl5 Oltxf;sf lsNnfx¿ s[ltnfO{ o'uLg b:tfj]h eg]/ k|]/0ff lbPsf] k|;+u cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

       bof l;+xn] d]/f] ldqM d]/f] kfl/hft df kfl/hft cfˆgf] lgs6 ldq ePsf] / pgL;Fu 306f}+ ax; x'g] k|;ª\u cl3 ;fb}{ cK7\of/f lbgdf pgn] cfkm" gvfP/ klg alxgLnfO{ vfgf VjfP/ sfddf k7fpg] u/]sf] lbgsf] ;+:d/0f u/]sL 5g\ .

       jf;'b]j clwsf/Ln] kfl/hftM ;ª\3if{, cfTd;ª\3if{ / cgGt ;ª\3if{ df kfl/hftn] /f]u lj?4, ;fwgf lgldQ Pjd\ k|]d c;kmntfsf] sf/0f cfˆgf] lj?4sf] ljleGg ;ª\3if{, cfTd;ª\3if{ ug'{ k/]sf] k|;+u cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .

       ;'sGofn] cIf/df afFr]sL ltdL NofKr]df cfP/ 6'ª\luof} df kfl/hftsf] ;ª\3if{do hLjg, pgsf] :jfledfg, lg8/tfsf] rrf{ ub}{ cfˆgf] hLjgdf pgsf] :yfg pRr /x]sf] atfPsL 5g\ .

       /fhs'df/ s]=;L= n] d]/f] :d[ltdf lbbL kfl/hft df …;flxTo ;GWofÚ dfkm{t kfl/hft;Fu e]6 ePsf], cfˆgf] sljtf;ª\u|x …e'uf]nsf /]vfx¿af6Ú sf] e"ldsf n]Vg' ePsf] k|;+u cl3 ;fb}{ x/]s uf]jw{g k"hfdf pxfFsxfF ;fyLx¿;Fu hfg] u/]sf] / cfTdLo ;DaGw /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       s'Gb 608gn] c;ª\Vo lqmofzLn / dlxnfx¿ hlGd/x'g\ df kfl/hft;Fu aGbLx¿ e]6\g uPsf] k|;ªusf ;fy} dlxnf, afnaflnsf Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf kfl/hftsf] ;lqmoftfsf] rrf{ u/]sL 5g\ .

       /fogn] ;Demgfsf] bxleq aN5L xfGbf zLif{s n]vdf hgcfGbf]ngdf kfl/hftsf] ;lqmotf, Pjd\ lg8/tfsf] rrf{ ub}{ clGtd ;dodf la/fdL s'?jf eP/ ;fydf /x]sf] ;+:d/0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

       s'Gtf zdf{n] 5l/Psf lrqx¿ df kfl/hftsf] hLjg ;a}sf] nflu pbfx/0fLo / cg's/0fLo /x]sf] rrf{ u/]sL 5g\ .

       s0f{ yfdLn] :jfledfgsL k|ltd"lt{ kfl/hft lbbL df cfˆgf] :jfledfg / cfbz{df afFRg] kfl/hft k/f]ksf/L Pjd\ ;fx;L ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

       zlQm nD;fnn] kfl/hftM cfˆg} JolQmTj / k|ltefsf] k'~h df cfˆgf] c8fg, :jfledfgdf b[9 /x]sL kfl/hft cfˆgf] ;/ntf, ljzfntf, sfo{ Ifdtf, n]vgLsf sf/0f :d/0fLo /xg] ljZjf; /fv]sf 5g\ .

$=@=$ lgisif{

       kfl/hft;DaGwL kqklqsfdf ePsf n]vx¿df kfl/hftsf] n]vg / hLjg ;DaGwdf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . To;dWo] uf]kLGb| kf}8n, OGb|s'df/ >]i7 ;l/t\, v'dnfn kf}8]n, vu]Gb| ;ª\uf}nf, /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/], adaxfb'/ yfkf lhtfnL, afnfs[i0f clwsf/L, w|'jrGb| uf}td, Clif/fh a/fnsf /rgfx¿df kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf ljleGg k|j[lQx¿sf] JofVof ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

       kfl/hft;DaGwL :d[lt cª\sx¿df hgdtsf] :d[lt cª\ssf] cfˆg} dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . o; cª\sdf s]xL sljtf k|:t't ul/g'sf ;fy} ljleGg n]vx¿ k|:t't 5g\ . k|sflzt n]vx¿df df]bgfy k|l>t, cz]if dNn, /fog, df]xgljqmd l;+x, /d]z ljsn, nlnhg /fjn, xl/uf]ljGb n'OF6]n, b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL, k]ghL{g, gf/fo0f 9sfn, s'Gbg cof{n, lgg' rfkfufO{F, s[i0f;]g, /3' kGt, df]xg b'jfn, 8L=cf/= kf]v/]nsf n]vdf kfl/hftsf af/]df dxŒjk"0f{ hfgsf/L kfOG5 . To:t} 1fgu'gsf s'/f sf] :d[lt cª\sdf k|sflzt cfgGbb]j e§, afb]kf, w|'jrGb| uf}td, c¿0ff pk|]tL, vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nf / s'Gb 608gsf n]v dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf] of]ubfg lrgfpg] dxŒjk"0f{ u|Gy kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy xf] . o; u|Gydf d"Nofª\sg / ;+:d/0f v08 /x]sf 5g\ . t'n;L e§/fO{, hubLzrGb| e08f/L, d'/f/L cof{n, xL/fdl0f zdf{, /fh]Gb|k|;fb clwsf/L, /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, zfb{'n e§/fO{, cfgGbb]j e§, ?b| v/]n, 8L=cf/= kf]v/]n, jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf n]v, ;+ho yfkf, sdn lblIft, df]bgfy k|l>t, /fd]z, bof l;+x, jf;'b]j clwsf/L, zlQm nD;fnsf ;+:d/0fn] kfl/hftnfO{ lrgfpgdf d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

kf“rf}+ kl/R5]b

kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] d"Nofª\sg

%=!   k[i7e"ld

       …kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] d"Nofª\sgÚ zLif{s cGtu{t kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j{]If0f ug{] qmddf k|fKt ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ljwfsf cfwf/df Jojl:yt ug{], klxrfg ug{], d"Nofª\sg ug{] / ;dfnf]rssf] cfFvf gk'u]sf] If]qsf] vf]hL ug{] sfo{sf] ;fy} d"No lg¿k0f ug{] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

%=@   d"Nofª\sg

       o; cGtu{t kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j{]If0f zLif{sdf ul/Psf] cWoognfO{ ljwfut uDeL/tfsf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf] 5 .

%=@=! pkGof; ljwfdf s]lGb|t cWoogsf] d"Nofª\sg

       kfl/hftn] cfˆgf] ;flxlTos hLjgsf] pmhf{ ;a}eGbf a9L pkGof; ljwfdf vr{
ul/g\ . lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf k|sflzt lz/Lifsf] km"n pgsf] klxnf] s[lt aGg k'Uof] . o;kl5 pgsf ( j6f pkGof; s[lt k|sflzt eP . !) j6f pkGof; k|sflzt u/fPsL kfl/hftsf] pkGof; n]vgsf] rrf{ klg cGo ljwfeGbf a9L g} x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       o; cjlwdf lj=;+= @)%)–@)^@ df kfl/hftsf] af/]df @@ hgf cWo]tfx¿n] ljBfjfl/lw Pjd\ :gfQsf]Q/ txsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . Ps hgfn] cGo ;|i6fsf af/]df ljBfjfl/lw ubf{ kfl/hftsf] af/]df klg l6Kk0fL u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;dWo] ( hgfn] pkGof; s[ltsf] s[ltk/s cWoog :gftsf]Q/ txdf ;DkGg u/]sf] kfOG5 . d+unf yfkf, rGb|dfg >]i7 / dL7f/fd yfkfn] p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] af/]df cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 . kzfsfGt yfkf …>LifÚ / z+s/ k/fh'nLn] lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 . bLgdl0f cfrfo{ / k|e'/fd cfrfo{n] clgbf] kxf8;Fu} pkGof;sf] cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 . xl/x/ rfkfufO{n] kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ / vu]Gb| hf]zLn] cGtd{'vL pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       To;/L g} nLnfw/ 1jfnLn] k|ultjfbL pkGof;df / /fhg e§/fO{n] lj;+ultjfbL pkGof;df :gfQsf]Q/ txdf cg';Gwfg k'/f u/]sf] kfOG5 . lagf sfsL{n] kfl/hftsf] uBsfl/tf / k'iknfn cfrfo{n] gf/L kfqdf cfwfl/t eP/ :gftsf]Q/ zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;} qmddf ejfgLk|;fb kf08]on] kfl/hftsf pkGof;df ;dfhjfbL–oyfy{jfbL zLif{sdf ljBfjfl/lw sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] kfOG5 . 1fg' kf08]on] ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;df cl:tTjjfb zLif{ssf] ljBfjfl/lw zf]wk|aGwdf kfl/hftsf] af/]df klg rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       ljleGg k':tsx¿df klg kfl/hftsf] pkGof;sfl/tfsf] af/]df n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, s[i0fxl/ a/fn / g]q P6d, /~h'>L k/fh'nL, s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg, 8L=kL= clwsf/Ln] kfl/hftsf] pkGof;sfl/tfsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       /fh]Gb| ;'j]bLn] g]kfnL pkGof; M k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ df cl:tTjjfbL / lj;+ultjfbL pkGof;x¿sf] rrf{ ug{] qmddf lzl/ifsf] km"n, dxQfxLg, cGtd{'vL / af]gLsf] af/]df ;dfnf]rgfTds b[li6 k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . To;/L g} pgn] l;h{g ljwfsf kl/lwdf kfl/hft df kfl/hftsf] ;du| pkGof;sfl/tfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnLn] cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft df kfl/hftsf] ;du| pkGof;sfl/tfsf] ;'Id ljZn]if0f u/]sf  5g\ . s[i0fxl/ a/fn / g]q P6dn] pkGof; l;4fGt / g]kfnL pkGof; df kfl/hftsf] cf}kGofl;s k|j[lQ / lzl/ifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] af/]df ljZn]if0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . /~h'>L k/fh'nLn] cGtd{'vLsf] af/]df l6Kk0fL u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] 8L=kL= clwsf/Ln] ;fdflhs r]tgfsf ;Gbe{df kfl/hftsf pkGof;sf] rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       ljleGg kqklqsfdf k|sflzt km'6s/ n]vx¿df klg kfl/hftsf] pkGof;sfl/tfsf] cWoog ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 3gZofd 9sfn, adaxfb'/ yfkf lhtfnL, w|'jrGb| uf}td, df]bgfy k|l>t, o'j/fh n'OF6]n, Clif/fh a/fnn] lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] af/]df rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] OGb|s'df/ >]i7 ;l/t\ / 1fg' kf08]n] kfl/hftsf] ;du| pkGof;sfl/tfsf] af/]df rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy Pjd\ kfl/hft :d[lt cª\sdf kfl/hftsf] pkGof;sfl/tfaf/] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . t'n;L e§/fO{, xf]d;'j]bL, d'/f/L cof{n, xL/fdl0f zdf{, /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, z/b If]qL, 8L=cf/= kf]v/]n, af;'b]j lqkf7L, cz]if dNn, df]xgljqmd l;+x, gf/fo0f 9sfn, lgg' rfkfufO{, nufotsf n]vsx¿n] pgsf] pkGof; n]vgsf] af/]df rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       kfl/hftsf] k|f/Desf pkGof;x¿ cl:tTjjfbL–lj;+ultjfbL lrGtgaf6 clek|]l/t ePsf] n]vsx¿sf] dt 5 . of] hLjglj/f]wL z"Gojfbn] dfgjtfsf] lvNnL p8fPsf] clwsf+zsf] dt       5 . kfl/hftsf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf n]lvPsf pkGof;x¿ dfS;{jfbL k|lta4tfdf n]lvPsf] / o;n] cfzfjfbL ;f]r k|:t't u/]sf] pgLx¿sf] ts{ 5 . lg/fzf, s'07f, xtfzfaf6 ;'? ePsf] ofqf /fNkmfnL ljb|f]xL r]tgf eP/ dfS;{jfbL r]tgftkm{ k|j[t ePsf] kfOG5 . kl5Nnf b'O{ pkGof; kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ / af]gL df k"j{ dfGotfeGbf km/s vfn] lrGtg b]vf k/] klg kfl/hftdf dfS;{jfbL k|lta4tf eg] oyfjt /x]sf] pgLx¿sf] ts{ 5 .

       kfl/hftsf] af/]df ;a}eGbf a9L lz/Lifsf] km"n pkGof;sf] rrf{ ePsf] kfOG5 . dfS;{jfblj/f]wL wf/sf n]vsx¿n] o;nfO{ pTs[i6 snfjfbL, dxfg pkGof; dfg]sf 5g\ eg] dfS;{jfbL n]vsx¿n] o;nfO{ lg/y{s, hLjglj/f]wL pkGof; dfg]sf 5g\ . o;kl5 kfl/hftsf] clgbf] kxf8;Fu}, p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] / kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ sf] af/]df rrf{ ePsf] kfOG5 .

       kfl/hft;DaGwL :gfQsf]Q/ txdf cg';Gwfg ug{] cWo]tfx¿n] kfl/hftsf pkGof; dWo] kfl/hftsf] p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] / clgbf] kxf8;Fu} nfO{a9L k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 . To;/L g} lz/Lifsf] km"n sf] af/]df To;kl5 zf]w ePsf] kfOG5 . kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ / …cGtd{'vLÚ df klg cWo]tfx¿sf] Wofg hfg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L x]g{] xf] eg] kfl/hftsf ;a} pkGof;sf af/]df eGbf cWo]tfx¿sf] JolStut ?lrsf cfwf/df cWoog sfo{ cl3 a9]sf] b]lvG5 .

       kfl/hftsf] pkGof;sfl/tfsf] af/]df ljleGg sf]0faf6 cWoog ePsf] kfOG5 . ;dfnf]rsx¿n] cfˆgf] ljrf/sf] cg's'ntf cg';f/ pgsf] l;h{gfnfO{ klg d"Nofª\sg ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 . s;}n] kfl/hftsf] ljrf/sf] ljsf; kIf / pgsf] dfS;{jfbL n]vgnfO{ a9L dxŒj lbPsf 5g\ eg] s]xLn] rfFxL pgsf] k|f/Desf] s[lt lz/Lifsf] km"n sf] dlxdfufg ufpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljleGg ljrf/, lrGtg, b[li6sf]0f ePsf n]vsx¿n] kfl/hftnfO{ cToGt dxŒj lbP/ n]v]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf/x¿df nf]slk|otfsf] cfˆg} dfgs :yfkgf u/]sf] kfl/hftsf] pkGof; n]vg cfkm}df chª\usf] kxf8 xf], h;sf] prfOnfO{ gf£g ;xh 5}g .

%=@=@ syf ljwfdf s]lGb|t cWoogsf] d"Nofª\sg

       pkGof;kl5 kfl/hftsf] syf s[ltx¿sf] af/]df ;jf{lws rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf ePsf :gfQsf]Q/ Pjd\ ljBfjfl/lw zf]wdf kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tfsf] af/]df cg';Gwfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . uf]kLGb| kf}8]nn] k|ultjfbL g]kfnL syf / bLks uf}tdn] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL k|ultjfbL syf sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf ljBfjfl/lw zf]wdf kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tfsf] af/]df klg n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . To;/L g} cDa'ejfgL sfsL{n] kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tf sf] af/]df :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w ;DkGg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

       ljleGg k':tsx¿df klg kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tfsf] af/]df rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . dxfb]j cj:yL, s[i0f uf}td / /~h'>L k/fh'nLn] d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] syfsf] af/]df n]v]sf] kfOG5 . Clif/fh a/fn / s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] ltp/Lsf] km"n, kfol/ofsf] uGw syfdf, s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, nLnf n'O6]n, s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, tf/fsfGt kf08]on] kfl/hftsf] ;du| syfsfl/tfsf] af/]df l6Kk0fL u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       km"6s/ n]vx¿df uf]kLGb| kf}8]nn] gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0f / s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/]n] ;8s / k|ltef syfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;/L g} pQdk|;fb kGtn] kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy df kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tfsf] af/]df l6Kk0fL u/]sf] kfOG5 .

       kfl/hftsf] cl3Nnf] r/0fsf cflbd b]z / ;8s / k|ltef cl:tTjjfbL–lj;+ultjfbL lrGtgdf cfwfl/t / ;fNuLsf] anfTs[t cfF;' / jwzfnf hfFbf–cfpFbf k|ultjfbL lrGtgdf cfwfl/t ePsf] uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, Clif/fh a/fn / s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, nLnf n'O6]n, tf/fsfGt kf08]o, dxfb]j cj:yL nufotsf n]vsx¿sf] dt /x]sf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf klxn]sf syfx¿ lg/fzf, s'07f, xtfzf dfq k|bfg u/]sf] / kl5Nnf] r/0fsf syfx¿n] hLjgk|ltsf] cfzfjfbsf] ;+rf/ u/]sf] clwsf+zsf] dt /x]sf] 5 . kfl/hftsf kl5Nnf syfx¿ k|ultjfbL g]kfnL syfsf >]0fLdf /fVg ldNg] uf]kLGb| kf}8]n / bLks uf}tdsf] dt /x]sf] 5 . kfl/hftsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] rlr{t syf d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f syfsf af/]df dxfb]j cj:yL, s[i0f uf}td / /~h'>L k/fh'nLn] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . dxfb]j cj:yLn] of] syf gjLg z}nL / :jrflnt n]vg z}nLdf l;lh{Psf] atfPsf 5g\ . s[i0f uf}tdn] c3f]/ JolStjfbL u|GyL / dgf]:tfkL cj:yfdf syf n]lvPsf] atfpF5g\ eg] /~h'>L k/fh'nL syfdf dxfz"GojfbL / d[To' lrGtg cfPsf] atfpFl5g\ . To;/L g} Clif/fh a/fn / s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] ltp/Lsf] km"n, kfol/ofsf] uGw syfdf lj;ª\ultjfbL lrGtg cfPsf], s]xL cltoyfy{jfbL / s]xL sfdjf;gf;d]t emlNsPsf] atfpF5g\ . uf]kLGb| kf}8]nn] gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0f syfdf ju{åGå :ki6 ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] atfpF5g\ eg] s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] ;8s / k|ltef syf;ª\u|xdf cl:tTjjfbL–lj;+ultjfbL lrGtg cfPsf] atfpF5g\ .

       g]kfnL syf ;flxTosf] If]qdf kfl/hftsf] of]ubfg dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . k"jf{4{ r/0fdf kfOg] syfdf lg/fzf, s'07f, xtfzf kfOG5 eg] pQ/f4{ r/0fdf dfS;{jfbL lrGtg cfPsf] kfOG5 . o; cjlwdf kfl/hftsf] ;d;u| syfsfl/tfsf] cWoog sd g} kfOG5 . cDa'ejfgL sfsL{, pQd kGt, uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, bLks uf}tdn] kfl/hftsf] ;du| Pjd\ cf+lzs syfsfl/tfsf] cWoog eP tfklg cGo cWoogx¿ km"6s/ ¿kdf g} ePsf] kfOG5 . km"6s/ cWoogdf d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]/f] syfsf] cWoog a9L kfOG5 eg] s[ltut ¿kdf ;du| cWoog ug{] k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .

%=@=# sljtf ljwfdf s]lGb|t cWoogsf] d"Nofª\sg

       kfl/hftn] cfˆgf] n]vgsf] k|f/De sljtf ljwfaf6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgsf cfsf+Iff, kfl/hftsf sljtf / a}+;fn' jt{dfg u/]/ # j6f s[ltx¿ k|sflzt b]lvG5g\ . kfl/hftsf] sljtf ;DaGwdf e}/jk|;fb u]nfnn] :gfQsf]Q/ zf]w Pjd\ tf/fsfGt kf08]on] k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfsf] af/]df ul/Psf] ljBfjfl/lw zf]wdf kfl/hftsf] sljTjsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

       ljleGg s[ltx¿df kfl/hftsf] sljTjsf] rrf{ kfOG5 . km"6s/ cWoogdf nlnhg /fjn / uf]kLGb| kf}8]nn] …a}+;fn' jt{dfgÚ ;DaGwdf cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 . vu]Gb| n'O6]nn] kfl/hftsf] sljtf–ofqfsf] ;+lIfKt rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;'s'd zdf{n] kfl/hftsf] ;du| sljtf ofqfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ;fdu|Ldf a}+;fn' jt{dfg sljtf;ª\u|xsf] af/]df cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 . v'dnfn kf}8]nn] a}+;fn' jt{dfgsf af/]df cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 To:t} cfgGbb]j e§n] kfl/hft :d[ltu|Gydf a}+;fn' jt{dfg s[ltsf] af/]df cWoog u/]sf]  kfOG5 .

       o; cjlwdf kfl/hftsf sljtfsf] cWoognfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] ;a}eGbf a9L a}+;fn' jt{dfg s[ltsf] af/]df rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . nlnhg /fjn, uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, v'dnfn kf}8]nn] a}+;fn' jt{dfg s[ltdf s]lGb|t eP/ cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 . nlnhg /fjnn] kfl/hftn] sljtfdf k"0f{ prfO o;} s[ltaf6 kfPsf] / oL sljtfx¿ k'/fgf sljtfeGbf ljkl/t ;f]rsf] ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . uf]kLGb| kf}8]nn] o; s[ltdf cfzfjfbL, hLjgjfbL, kl/jt{gwdL{ ;f]r uPsf] b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . v'dnfn kf}8]nn] o; sljtf;ª\u|xnfO{ g]kfnL k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] k|ltlglw;ª\u|x ePsf] atfpF5g\ eg] cfgGbb]j e§n] oLsljtfx¿ ;zSt / ;'Gb/ ljrf/n] clek|]l/t ePsf] atfpF5g\ .

       e}/jk|;fb u]nfn cfsf+Iff eGbf kfl/hftsf sljtf ;kmn ePsf] / a}+;fn' jt{dfg pgsf] sljtf ofqfsf] d"ne"t k|flKt ePsf] atfpF5g\ . tf/fsfGt kf08]o lj=;+= @)#^–@)$% sf kfl/hftsf sljtfdf k|ultjfbL lrGtg cfPsf] / >dhLjL ju{sf] kIfw/ ePsf]
atfpF5g\ .

       vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n kfl/hftsf] sljtfofqf :jR5Gbtfjfb eP klg :yfloTj eg] k|ultjfbdf kfOg] atfpF5g\ . ljifoj:t'sf] af}l4s k|:t'lt / cleJolStut gjLgtfsf sf/0f logsf sljtfdf k|of]ujfbL lzNk :ki6 b]lvg] n'O6]n atfpF5g\ .

       ;'s'd zdf{sf] kfl/hftsf sljtfsf] cWoog kfl/hftsf] sljtfsf] af/]df cWoog ul/Psf] k|d'v u|Gy xf] . o;df kfl/hftsf sljtfnfO{ @)!#–@)#) ;Dd klxnf] r/0f / @)#!–@)%) ;Dd bf];|f] r/0f egL 5'§ofOPsf] 5 . klxnf] r/0fdf cfsf+Iff / kfl/hftsf sljtf;ª\u|x /x]sf 5g\ . oL sljtfdf :jR5GbtfjfbL / lg:;f/tfjfbL lrGtg kfPsf] zdf{ atfpF5g\ . kl5Nnf] r/0fsf] a}+;fn' jt{dfg df hLjgk|ltsf] df]x / d'lSt ;+3if{k|ltsf] ljZjf;n] kfl/hftsf] j}rfl/s phf{ ;zSt ePsf] zdf{sf] ts{ 5 .

       o; cjlwdf ePsf] cWoogdf kfl/hftsf] kl5Nnf] r/0fsf] sljtf s[lt a}+;fn' jt{dfg nfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf sljtfs[ltsf] cWoogdf cl3Nnf] r/0fsf] sljtf s[ltsf] cWoog sd} ePsf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf] sljtf ofqf :jR5Gbtfjfb, cl:tTjjfb x'Fb} k|ultjfbtkm{ k|j[t x'Fb} uPsf]df cWo]tfx¿sf] Psdt kfOG5 .

%=@=$ cGo ljwfdf s]lGb|t cWoogsf] d"Nofª\sg

       pkGof;, syf / sljtf afx]s cGo ljwfdf klg cWo]tfx¿n] cfˆgf] Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] kfOG5 . t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd cWoog eP klg yf]/ax't rrf{ eg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

       /d]zrGb| /f]sfn] kfl/hftsf cGo ljwfsf] cWoog gfds :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wdf kfl/hftsf ;+:d/0f s[lt / pgsf # kqx¿sf] cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 . hLjg ef]ufOsf tLtf–dL7f If0fx¿sf] k|:t't ul/Psf] kfl/hftsf ;+:d/0fx¿, kl/is[t nofTds efiffz}nL / snfTds afGsLn] el/k"0f{ ePsf] kfOg] ;fy} pgsf kqdf hLjgb[li6sf] :ki6tf kfOg] /f]sf atfpF5g\ . afa'/fd zdf{ …x]dGtÚ /fNkmfnL cfGbf]ngsf] af/]df ul/Psf] :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wdf /fNkmfsfnLg kfl/hftsf s[ltdf lj/f]w, cfqmf]z / cGt{åGå kfOg] pNn]v u5{g\ .

       To;/L g} r"8fdl0f /]UdL, lgg' rfkfufO{, r}tGo, u+uf pk|]tL, 8L=cf/= kf]v/]n, /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, afnfs[i0f clwsf/L, z}n]Gb| ;fsf/, xl/uf]ljGb n'O6]n, kjg rfdlnª, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf, ;'zLn ;fksf]6f, w|'jrGb| uf}td, s]bf/ e§/fO{, O{Zj/L clwsf/L, kjg cfnf]s, gogf k|wfg, d~h'n, gf/fo0fk|;fb clwsf/L, hª\ua rf}xfg cflbn] kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf ljleGg afGsL Pjd\ cfˆgf ;+:d/0f Pjd\ ;Demgfx¿ pNn]v u/]/ n]v]sf] kfOG5 .

       r"8fdl0f /]UdL kfl/hftnfO{ qmflGtsf/L, gf/L d'lStsf nflu lrGtgzLn, sd{7 ;flxTosf/ 7x¥ofpF5g\ . lgg' rfkfufO{ kfl/hftsf ;fg}b]lv cef}lts tŒjk|ltsf] cgf:yf, OdfGbfl/tf, gf/L x'g'sf] kL8f, lylrPsf] hfltut cj:yf / a'4bz{gsf] k|efjsf ;sf/fTds kIfn] cufl8 a9fPsf] atfpF5g\ . r}tGo kfl/hftnfO{ k|ultjfbL lzlj/sL Ps ;zSt n]lvsf dfG5g\ eg] u+ufk|;fb pk|]tL pgnfO{ b]jsf]6f kl5sf] ;jf{lws rlr{t, ax'cfnf]lrt ;flxTosf/ 7fG5g\ .

       To;/L g} kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy / :d[lt c+sx¿df;d]t kfl/hftsf lgaGw, ;+:d/0fsf af/]df rrf{ Pjd\ l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] kfOG5 . hubLzrGb| e08f/Ln] kfl/hft M cfˆg} cfTdsyf n]vdf pgsf cfTdsyfdf cf:yfut åGå / cGt{Mhutsf aLr ;ª\3if{ /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . /fh]Gb|k|;fb clwsf/Ln] kfl/hftsf lgaGwdf gf/Lsf ;d:of / k|ZgnfO{ kfl/hftn] juL{o ¿kdf x]/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . ?b| v/]n kfl/hft Odfg ePsf] ;flxTosf/ ePsf] / cfkm"k|lt cfnf]rs agL cfˆgf v/faL lj?4 ;ª\3if{ u/]sf] dfG5g\ . lgg' rfkfufO{ kfl/hftdf sdhf]/L eP klg tL ;an kIfsf] t'ngfdf gu0o ePsf] hgfpF5g\ . 8L=cf/= kf]v/]n kfl/hftnfO{ lz/Lifsf] km"n leq dfq vf]Hg' pgsf] ckdfg ug{' xf] eGg] ts{ cflb ;f5{g\ .

       o;/L kfl/hftsf] af/]df o; cjlwdf zf]w, ;dfnf]rs / ;+:d/0f n]vg klxn]eGbf cTolws ePsf] kfOG5 . o:tf sfo{n] kfl/hftsf] of]ubfgnfO{ hg;dIf Nofpgdf yk d2t k'¥ofpg] lglZrt b]lvG5 .

%=#   lgisif{

       cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg lbg] ;|i6f kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf ljleGg cfofdx¿ 5g\ . o; cjlwdf ePsf cWoog ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ kfl/hftsf] pkGof; / syf ljwfdf ;jf{lws cWoog Pjd\ zf]wsfo{ ePsf] kfOG5 . To;kl5 sljtf ljwfdf cWoog ePsf] kfOG5 . kfl/hft ;DaGwdf cfˆgf ;+:d/0fx¿ n]Vg] qmd klg a9]sf] kfOG5 . lgaGw Pjd\ cfTdsyfsf af/]df cf+lzs ¿kdf cWoog eP tfklg gf6ssf] af/]df rrf{ x'g kfPsf] 5}g . pkGof;df klg ;a} s[ltdf ;dfg Wofg k'u]sf] b]lvFb}g . cl3Nnf] r/0fsf syf, sljtf s[ltsf] cWoog sd ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf ;jf{lws rrf{df /x]sf ;flxTosf/ dWo] k|d'v :yfgdf /xg] kfl/hftsf] ;du| cWoog ug{] rng a9\b} uPsf] 5 . km"6s/ ¿kdf ul/Psf] cWoogdf s]xL s[lt ljz]ifsf] cWoog sd eP klg k|foM ;a} ljwfnfO{ x'g] u/L cWoog ePsf] kfOG5 . 

5}+6f}+ kl/R5]b

pk;+xf/

^=!   zf]wlgisif{

       o; zf]wsfo{df g]kfnL ;flxTosf] cu|0fL ;flxTosf/ kfl/hftsf] af/]df eP u/]sf cWoogsf] ;j{]If0f / d"Nofª\sg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|f/Deb]lv @)#) ;Ddsf] ;j{]If0f s[i0fk|;fb clwsf/Ln], lj=;+= @)#) b]lv @)%) d[To'k"j{;Ddsf] ;j{]If0f zf]wsfo{ /fh]Gb| kf}8]nn] ul/;s]sf]df o; zf]wdf lj=;+= @)%), d[To'kl5–@)^@ ;Ddsf] ;j{]If0fd"ns zf]wsfo{ ul/Psf] 5 .

       o; zf]wkqsf] klxnf] kl/R5]bdf zf]w kl/ro k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;df kfl/hftsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro lbg'sf ;fy} kfl/hftsf] af/]df lj=;+= @)%), d[To'kl5 eP u/]sf sfo{x¿sf] ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 . zf]wsf] p2]Zo kfl/hft ;DaGwdf kqklqsf, k':ts, zf]wkq, zf]wk|aGw cflbdf ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;j{]If0f Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg ug{' eg]/ b]vfOPsf] 5 . o; zf]wkqnfO{ ^ efudf ljefhg u/]/ b]vfOPsf] 5 .

       bf];|f] kl/R5]bdf …kfl/hftsf] ;flxlTos of]ubfgÚ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . kfl/hftn] pkGof;, syf, sljtf, lgaGw, cfTdsyf / ;+:d/0f, gf6s / ;dfnf]rgf ljwfdf of]ubfg u/]sL 5g\ . kfl/hftsf] ;a}eGbf a9L pkGof;sf/ JolStTj ;an 5, To;kl5 qmdzM syf, sljtf, lgaGw, ;+:d/0f, gf6s / ;dfnf]rgf ljwfdf cfkm\gf] l;h{gfTds v'aL b]vfPsL 5g\ .

      t];|f] kl/R5]bdf kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j{]If0f -cg';GwfgfTds zf]ws[ltx¿÷k':tsfsf/ s[ltx¿_ /x]sf] 5 . kfl/hft ;DaGwdf o; cjlwdf ePsf % j6f ljBfjfl/lw zf]wk|aGw / !& j6f :gftsf]Q/ ePsf % j6f ljBfjfl/lw zf]wk|aGw / !& j6f :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkqdf u/]/ @@ hgfn] kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf ljleGg kIfsf] af/]df rrf{ ePsf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf] pkGof; n]vgsf] af/]df ;a}eGbf a9L zf]w ePsf] kfOG5 . pkGof; klg lz/Lifsf] km"n / clgbf] kxf8;Fu}nfO{ a9L dxŒj lbPsf] kfOG5 . To;kl5 syf, lgaGw, cfTd;+:d/0fdf pkGof;eGbf sd zf]w ePsf] / tL s[ltx¿df kfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL lrGtgsf] a9L rrf{ ePsf] kfOG5 . o; cjlwdf k|sflzt ePsf k':tsfsf/ s[ltdf kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf] af/]df @^ hgf n]vgn] cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL s[ltx¿df kfl/hftsf] s[ltTjsf] j[xt\ d"Nofª\sg ug{] sfo{ lgg' rfkfufO{, r}tGo, /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL, s[i0fxl/ a/fn / g]q P6d, uª\ufk|;fb pk|]tL, /fdk|;fb 1jfnL / s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/], ;'s'd zdf{, 8L=cf/ kf]v/]nn] u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] cGo n]vsx¿n] klg kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf ljljw kIfdf k|sfz kf/]sf] kfOG5 . ;dfnf]rgfsf ;fy} ;Demgf ;d]t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9Ln] pkGof; To;kl5 syf, sljtf, lgaGw, ;+:d/0f, gf6s ljwfdf rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

       rf}yf] kl/R5]bdf …kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] ;j{]If0f -kqklqsf, :d[lt cª\s / :d[lt u|Gysf]_ af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; cjlwdf kqklqsf @% hgf n]vsx¿df ;fdu|Lx¿ k|sflzt kfOG5g\ . uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, OGb|s'df/ >]i7 …;l/t\Ú, vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nf, v'dnfn kf}8]n, /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/], afnfs[i0f clwsf/L, Clif/fh a/fnsf n]vdf kfl/hftsf] af/]df ;"Id ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; cjlwsf kqklqsfdf ;dLIff, ;dfnf]rgf eGbf cfˆgf wf/0ff Pjd\ ;Demgf k|:t't ug{] sfo{ a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . o; cjlwdf k|sflzt kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy dxŒjk"0f{ u|Gy xf] . o;df ljleGg n]vssf ;+:d/0fsf ;fy} ;dfnf]rgf k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . hg:t/af6 kfl/hftsf] af/]df ul/Psf] of] dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . /fHo:t/af6 s]xL x'g g;s] klg hgtfn] kfl/hftnfO{ ckf/ >4f u/]sf 5g\ . o;} qmddf hgdt / 1fgu'gsf s'/fn] klg kfl/hft :d[lt cª\s k|sflzt u/]sf] kfOG5 .

      kfFrf} kl/R5]bdf …kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] d"Nofª\sgÚ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . kfl/hft;Fu ;DalGwt pkGof;, syf, sljtf tyf cGo ljwfdf s]lGb|t cWoogsf] o;df d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf] 5 . kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf] af/]df ;a}eGbf a9L pkGof;, To;kl5 syf, sljtf tyf cGo ljwfsf] af/]df rrf{ Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg ePsf] s'/f o; kl/R5]bdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

       5}+7f}+ kl/R5]bdf pk;+xf/  lbOPsf] 5 . To:t} ;Defljt zf]wzLif{s ;"rL klg lbOPsf]  5 . To;kl5 kl/lzi6df kfl/hftsf s[lt, kqklqsf ;"rL, kmf]6f], d"lt{sf] kmf]6f], lj1lKtsf ;fy} kfl/hftsf] x'nfs l6s6sf] t:jL/ lbOPsf] 5 eg] ;Gbe{v08df cg';GwfgfTds zf]w ;"rL / ;Gbe{ s[lt ;"rL lbOPsf] 5 .

lj=;+= !(() df bflh{lnªsf] lnª\u] lrof aufg hGd]sL kfl/hft g]kfnL ;flxTosL ljlzi6 Pjd\ k|ltefzfnL ;flxTosf/ x'g\ . kfl/hftsf] ;a}eGbf a9L !) cf]6f pkGof; s[lt k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg ;flxlTos lrGtgsf] k|efj pgsf pkGof;df kfOG5 . pgn] k|f/Dedf cl:tTjjfbL, lj;+ultaf]w lrGtg k|:t't ul5{g\ eg] kl5Nnf pkGof;df ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL lrGtg k|an eP/ b]vf kb{5 .

       kfl/hftsf] s[lt ;+Vofsf b[li6n] bf];|f] / ;zSt JolQmTj syf n]vgdf kfOG5 . cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgaf6 k|f/De ePsf] pgsf] syfsfl/tf, lj;+ultjfbL lrGtgleqsf] cl:tTjjfbL /fNkmfnL c/fhstfjfbL lrGtg x'Fb} dfS;{jfbtkm{ km8\sf] df/]sf] b]lvG5 . pgsf syfdf gjLg k|of]usf ;fy} gjLg z}nL;d]t kfOG5 . u'0ffTds b[li6n] pkGof;eGbf syf st} Go"g b]lvFb}g .

       kfl/hftsf] ;flxTo ofqfsf] cf/De ug{] ljwf sljtf xf] . k|f/Desf pgsf sljtfdf :jR5GbtfjfbL ?dfgL k|j[lQ kfOG5 . pgsf /rgfdf cl:tTjjfbL lrGtg klg kfOG5 . kl5Nnf;ª\u|xdf /x]sf sljtfdf eg] k|ultjfbL :j/ 68\sf/f] ¿kdf b]vf kb{5 .

       kfl/hftsf] lgaGw n]vg klg ;zSt 5 . pgsf lgaGwdf gf/L :jtGqtf, gf/L d'lStsf :j/ kfOG5g\ . cfTd;+:d/0fdf kfl/hftn] cfkm"nfO{ OdfGbf/ ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5g\ . cfˆgf JolStut v/faLk|lt :jo+ cfnf]rs aGb} snfTds Pjd\ snfTds efiffz}nLsf] k|of]u u/]sL  5g\ .

       kfl/hftsf k"0ff{ª\sL gf6sdf hLjgd'vL :j/ kfOP tfklg Psfª\sLdf eg] cl:tTjjfbL lj;+ultjfbL lrGtg kfOG5 .

       km"6s/ n]v, /rgf, ;dLIff, cGtjf{tf{df kfl/hftsf] ;dfnf]rsLo ¿k b]Vg kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf] n]vg d"ntM ;[hgzLn ;flxTo n]vgdf s]lGb|t eP tfklg pgdf c+ztM b|i6f JolStTj klg ljBdfg b]lvG5 .

       …kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fsf] d"Nofª\sgÚ zLif{s cGtu{t kfl/hftsf] n]vgsf] d'Vo s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf cfVofg ljwf /x]sf] kfOG5 . $! hgf ;dfnf]rsx¿n] cfVofg ljwf ;DaGwdf cfˆgf b[li6sf]0f cflb ;f/]sf kfOG5g\ . h;dWo] @( hgfn] pkGof; ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] n]vg s]lGb|t u/]sf] kfOG5 . clwsf+z cWo]tfx¿n] lz/Lifsf] km"n sf] af/]df rrf{ ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfS;{jfbL If]qsf cWo]tfx¿n] kfl/hftnfO{ lz/Lifsf] km"n df ;Lldt ug{' pgsf] n]vgsf] ckdfg x'g] 7x¥ofpF5g\ eg] dfS;{jfbOt/ If]qsf ;dfnf]rsx¿ o; s[ltnfO{ pTs[i6 snfTds s[lt 7x¥ofpF5g\ . To;kl5 p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] / clgbf] kxf8;Fu} pkGof;df cWoog s]lGb|t ePsf] kfOG5 . !@ hgf n]vsx¿n] kfl/hftsf] syf n]vgsf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf cl3Nnf s[ltsf t'ngfdf kl5Nnf r/0fsf s[ltsf] af/]df cWoog a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} sljtftkm{ & hgf n]vsx¿n] l6Kk0fL Pjd\ ;dfnf]rsLo b[li6 lbPsf] kfOG5 . k|foM a}+;fn' jt{dfg s[ltsf] af/]df cWoog ul/Psf] kfOG5 . kfl/hftsf] lgaGw, cfTdsyfsf af/]df sd cWoog ePsf] kfOG5 . cGtjf{tf{ / gf6ssf af/]df s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/] afx]s c¿ ;dfnf]rssf] b[li6 k'Ug;s]sf] 5}g .

       kfl/hftsf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf k|sflzt s[lteGbf klxn] k|sflzt Pjd\ rrf{df cfPsf s[ltx¿sf] af/]df cWoog a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . o; cjlwdf ;a}eGbf a9L pkGof;, To;kl5 syf, To;kl5 sljtf / To;kl5 lgaGw, cfTdsyfsf] af/]df ePsf d"Nofª\sg a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 . oL cWoogx¿n] pgL ;zQm k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf/ dfq xf]Og, cl:tTj, lj;ª\ultaf]w / gf/LjfbL n]lvsf ePsf] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ .

^=@   ;Defljt zf]wzLif{sx¿

-s_    zf]wk|aGwdf s]lGb|t kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f .

-v_    ljleGg kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ;fdu|L s]lGb|t kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f .

-u_    ljleGg k':tsx¿df s]lGb|t kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f

-3_    kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/f -lj=;+= @)^@ kl5_ 

cg';GwfgfTds zf]w ;"rL

cfrfo{, k|e'/fd, ækfl/hftsf] clgbf] kxf8;“u}sf] cWoogÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq

sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)^) .

cfrfo{, k'iknfn, ækfl/hftsf pkGof;sf gf/Lkfqx¿sf] cWoogÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/

  zf]wkq, sf7df8f}+ M lqrGb| ax'd'vL SofDk;, @)^@ .

sfsL{, cDa'ejfgL, ækfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tfÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, sLlt{k'/

  g]kfnL s]Gb+|Lo ljefu, @)%@ .

sfsL{, lagf, ækfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tfÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL

     s]Gb+|Lo ljefu, @)^! .

u]nfn, e}/jk|;fb, æslj kfl/hftsf] sljŒjsf] cWoog, ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sgÆ, ck|sflzt,

   :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb+|Lo ljefu, @)%$ .

uf}td, bLks, æ;dsfnLg k|ultjfbL g]kfnL syfsf k|j[ltx¿Æ,ck|sflzt, ljBfjfl/lw

zf]wk|aGw, 8Lgsf] sfof{no, dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo, lq=lj=, @)^@ .

rfkfufO{“, xl/x/, ækl/eflift cf“vfx¿ pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoogÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/

zf]wkq, sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb+|Lo ljefu, @)^) .

hf]zL, vu]Gb|, æcGtd'{vL pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoogÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq,

     sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb+|Lo ljefu, @)^@

1jfnL, nLnfw/, ækfl/hftsf] k|ultjfbL pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0fÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/

zf]wkq, sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)^@ .

yfkf, …>LifÚ, kzfsfGt, ækfl/hftsf cGo ljwfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoogÆ, ck|sflzt,

               :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb+|Lo ljefu, @)%% .

yfkf, d+unf, ækfl/hftsf] p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"Nofª\sgÆ,

     ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, sf7df8f}+ M kßsGof ax'd'vL SofDk;, @)%& .

yfkf, dL7f/fd, æp;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoogÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/

zf]wkq, sf7df8f}+ M lqrGb| ax'd'vL SofDk;, @)^) .

k/fh'nL, z+s/, æcg'/fwf, lz/Lifsf] km"n / ;'lDgdf pkGof;sf] t'ngfTds cWoogÆ,

       ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, lj/f6gu/ M :gfQsf]Q/ SofDk;, @)%& .

kf08]o, tf/fsfGt, æ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf cleJol~ht oyfy{Æ, ck|sflzt, ljBfjfl/lw

 zf]wk|aGw, 8Lgsf] sfof{no, dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo, lq=lj= @)%% .

kf08]o, ejfgLk|;fb, ækfl/hftsf pkGof;df ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbÆ, ck|sflzt, ljBfjfl/lw

   zf]wk|aGw, 8Lgsf] sfof{no, dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo, @)^@ .

kf08], 1fg', æljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;df cl:tTjjfbÆ, ck|sflzt, ljBfjfl/lw

    zf]wk|aGw, 8Lgsf] sfof{no, dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo, @)^@ .

kf}8]n, uf]kLGb|, æk|ultjfbL g]kfnL syfsf k|j[ltÆ, ck|sflzt, ljBfjfl/lw zf]wk|aGw, 8Lgsf]

sfof{no, dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo, @)^@ .

kf}8]n, /fh]Gb|, ækfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, sLlt{k'/ M

g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)^^ .

e§/fO{, /fhg, ækfl/hftsf pkGof;df cleJoQm lj;ª\ultjfbL cl:tTjjfbÆ, ck|sflzt,

:gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq, sf7df8f}+ M /Tg/fHonIdL SofDk;, @)^! .

/f]sf, /d]zrGb|, ækfl/hftsf cGo ljwfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoogÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/

 zf]wkq, sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)%% .

Zfdf{ …x]dGtÚ, afa'/fd, æg]kfnL ;flxTodf /fNkmf cfGbf]ngÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/ zf]wkq,

     sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)%) .

>]i7, rGb|dfg, æp;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoogÆ, ck|sflzt, :gfQsf]Q/

       zf]wkq, sLlt{k'/ M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @)^) .

;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL

clwsf/L, 8L=kL=, g]kfnL pkGof; / hghLjg, sf7df8f}+ M r]tgf clwsf/L, @)^@ .

cj:yL, dxfb]j, g]kfnL syf, efu–@, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%% .

pk|]tL, uª\ufk|;fb, JolQm, s[lt / k|j[lt, sf7df8f}+ M k|ltef k|sfzg, @)%* .

uf}td, s[i0f, /rgfsf] /f]df~r, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)%^ .

l3ld/], s[i0fk|;fb / /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, cfVofgsf/ kfl/hft, sf7df8f}+ M xh'/sf] k|sfzg, @)%*  .

l3ld/], s[i0fk|;fb, kfl/hftsf] gf6ssf] ;dLIff, sf7df8f} M lIflth k|sfzg, @)^$ .

__________, -;Dkf=_, kfl/hftsf gf6s, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg, @)^% .

rfkfufO{“, lgg', oyfy{jfbL /rgfb[li6 / ljj]rgf, sf7df8f}+ M lbn j/bfg÷dlxd rfkfufO{“, @)%!.

rfkfufO{“, lgg' / vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nf, -;Dkf=_, kfl/hft :d[lt u|Gy, sf7df8f}+ M kfl/hft :d[lt s]Gb|, @)%! .

rfdlnª, kjg, -;Dkf_=, kfl/hftsf ;+slnt /rgfx¿ -efu !–^_, l;lSsd M lgdf{0f k|sfzg, @)%$ .

r}tGo, dfS;{jfbL snfb[li6 / ;dLIff, sf7df8f}+ M lrGtg k|sfzg, @)%$ .

k/fh'nL, s[i0fk|;fb, ;Demgfsf lIflthdf, jf/f0f;L M ;flxTo ;+ud, @)%( .

k/fh'nL, /~h'>L, s[lt ljj]rgf, sf7df8f}+ M ;'gsf]zL ;flxTo k|lti7fg, @)%^ .

k|wfg, s[i0frGb|l;+x, s[lt cjnf]sg, sf7df8f} M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%( .

k|eft, lji0f', kfl/hft / xl/dfof, sf7df8f}+ M sNkj[If k|sfzg, @)%( .

k|;fO{, g/]Gb|/fh, kfl/hftsf] hLjgsyf, sf7df8f}+ M Pstf k|sfzg, @)%& .

kf08]o, tf/fsfGt, snf;flxTo M e"ldsf / d"Nofª\sg, sf7df8f}+, lrGtg k|sfzg, @)%# .

kf}8]n, uf]kLGb|, ;f}Gbo{af]w / ;dLIff ljljw, sf7df8f}+ M pld{nf kf}8]n, @)%( .

a/fn, O{Zj/ / cGo, g]kfnL ;flxTo sf]z, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)%% .

a/fn, Clif/fh / s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/], g]kfnL syf–efu #, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%% .

a/fn, s[i0fxl/ / g]q P6d, pkGof; l;4fGt / g]kfnL pkGof;, t]=;=, sf7df8f}+, ;femf k|sfzg, @)^^ .

e§/fO{, 36/fh, g]kfnL ;flxTosf/ kl/ro sf]z, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)%! .

e§/fO{, hob]j, JolQmTj / s[ltŒj, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|+sfzg, @)%# .

________, ;flxTosf/ kl/ro sf]z, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)%$ .

/fjn, nlnhg, -;Dkf=_, a}+;fn' jt{dfg, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn ;flxTo u'7L, @)%) .

/]UdL, r"8fdl0f, kfl/hft M kl/ro / d"Nofª\sg, emfkf M j]bs'df/L /]UdL, @)%) .

________, lrGtg / ;dfnf]rgf, emfkf M h'xL k|sfzg, @)%( .

________, afO{; ;dfnf]rgf, emfkf M h'xL k|sfzg, @)%( .

n'O6]n, vu]Gb|k|;fb, sljtf l;4fGt / g]kfnL sljtfsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)^) .

n'O6]n, vu]Gb|k|;fb / cGo, g]kfnL sljtf, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, @)%$ .

n'O6]n, nLnf, g]kfnL dlxnf syfsf/, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)^) .

zdf{, ;'s'd, kfl/hftsf sljtfsf] cWoog, sf7df8f}+ M ;gnfO6 klAns];g, @)^@ .

;'j]bL, /fh]Gb|, g]kfnL pkGof; M k/Dk/f / k|j[lt, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%# .

________, ;[hg ljwfsf kl/lwdf kfl/hft, jf/f0f;L M e"ldsf k|sfzg, @)%# .

---

[1] uf]kLGb| kf}8]n, …d"n sYosf] s]Gb|Lotfdf kfl/hftsf] gf6ssf] rf}yf] r/0f syfÚ, cGtWj{lg, -jif{ @& cªs @, @)%)_, k[= @$ .

[2] 3gZofd 9sfn, …kfl/hft Ps b[li6Ú, k|of]u, -jif{ @, cªs #, k"0ff{Í &, @)%!_, k[= * .

[3] OGb|s'df/ >]i7 …;l/t\Ú, …cf}kGofl;s s[ltx¿df kfl/hftM Ps ljxª\ufjnf]sgÚ, ;dsfnLg ;flxTo, -jif{ %, cªs #, k"0ff{Í !(, @)%@_, k[= !!(–!@) .

[4] v'dnfn kf}8]n, …a}+;fn' jt{dfg M Ps l6kf]6Ú, k|of]u, -jif{ !, cªs @, k"0ff{Í @, @)%@_, k[= !^ .

[5] hª\ua rf}xfg, …kfl/hftÚ, ;dsfnLg ;flxTo, -jif{ ^, cªs #, k"0ff{Í @#, @)%#_, k[= !!* .

[6] gf/fo0fk|;fb clwsf/L, …;DemgfsL kfl/hftÚ, k|of]u, -jif{ !, cªs ^, k"0ff{Í ^, @)%#_, k[= * .

[7] vu]Gb| ;ª\uf}nf,…kfl/hft lbbL;Fu s]xL If0fÚ, ul/df, -jif{ !%, cªs *, k"0ff{Í !&^, @)%$_, k[= %( .

[8]   v]d bfxfn, …clgbf] kxf8;Fu} M Ps ;+lIfKt ljj]rgfÚ, ul/df, -jif{ !&, c+s #, k"0ff{ª\s !(%, kmfu'g @)%%_, k[= !%) .

[9] /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, …kfl/hftsf] l;h{gsfl/tfsf] cWoog, ;+IfLKt ljZn]if0f tyf d"Nofª\sgÚ, hDsf], -jif{ !, cªs @, @)%%_, k[= $ .

[10] d~h'n, …cg'e"ltsL uflosfÚ, ;dsfnLg ;flxTo, -jif{ (, cªs @, k"0ff{Í #$, @)%^_, k[= %@ .

[11] s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/], …kfl/hftsf] syfsfl/tf / ;8s / k|ltef syfsf] ljZn]if0fÚ, ul/df, -jif{ !*, cªs ^, k"0ff{Í @^), @)%&_, k[= %# .

[12] s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/], …kfl/hftsf w]/} s'/fx¿df ljjfb 5 .Ú uf]/vfkq b}lgs, - sf7df8f}+, kmfNu'0f @& ut] zlgjf\/, @)^@_, k[= v .

[13] adaxfb'/ yfkf …lhtfnLÚ, …pkGof;sf/ kfl/hft / pgsf] lz/Lifsf] km"nÚ, ;dsfnLg ;flxTo, -jif{ *, cªs #, k"0ff{Í #!, @)%(_, k[= !#% .

[14] gogf k|wfg, …ax'd'vL l;h{gfsf ;fws kfl/hftÚ, dw'ks{, -jif{ #%, cªs !@, k"0ff{Í $)&_, k[= !@# .

[15] kjg cfnf]s, …kfl/hftsf] Pp6f lr7LÚ, dw'ks{, -jif{ #^, cªs !!, k"0ff{Í $!*, @)^)_, k[= !!)–!!! .

[16] afnfs[i0f clwsf/L, …kfl/hftsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjÚ ul/df, -jif{ @$, cªs #, k"0ff{Í @&(, @)^@_, k[= ^( .

[17] O{Zj/L clwsf/L, …o;/L yfx} gkfO{ em¥of] lz/Lifsf] km"nÚ, sflGtk'/ sf];]nL, -!@ j}zfv @)%)_, k[= s .

[18] s]bf/ e§/fO{, …em¥of] lz/Lifsf] km"n klgÚ, k'ghf{u/0f, -jif{ !@, cªs !), @)%)_, k[= ^ .

[19] w'|jrGb| uf}td, …kfl/hft, lz/Lifsf] km"n / klxnf] Pl06 lx/f]Ú, sflGtk'/ sf];]nL, -!@ j}zfv @)%)_, k[= s .

[20] df]bgfh k|l>t, …pgn] lz/Lifsf] km"n x}g, nfnLu'F/f; / nfn'kft] ?rfOgÚ, b[li6, -jif{ !), cªs @$, @)%)_, k[= ^ .

[21] o'j/fh n'OF6]n, …;sda/L 5g\ M ;sda/L 5}gg\Ú, hgd~r, -jif{ $ cªs !, @)%)_, k[= #) .

[22] z}n]Gb| ;fsf/, …kfl/hft / jf;' zzL M ;flxTo hutsf b'O{ lzv/,Ú sflGtk'/ sf];]nL, -!@ j}zfv @)%)_, k[= v .

[23] ;'zLn ;fksf]6f, …kfl/hft, kf;fª / kfv08Ú, o'u;Djfb, -jif{ %, cªs %#, @)%)_, k[= $ .

[24] Clif/fh a/fn, …qmflGtr]t, ljb|f]x, ljjfb / kfl/hftÚ, hgfb]z, -jif{ @, cªs #&, @)%)_, k[= $ .

[25] xl/uf]ljGb n'OF6]n, …s;/L Pp6L ljb|f]xL ljVoft kfl/hft algg\ <Ú, gjo'jf, -jif{ !, k"0ff{Í $, @)%#_, k[= !# .

[26] cfGbb]j e§, …kfl/hft :d[lt cªsÚ, hgdt, -jif{ !), cªs #–^, k"0ff{Í ^*–&!, @)%)_, k[= !%) .